Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Neuro > Forebrain part 2 > Flashcards

Forebrain part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon is located

A

at the center of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diencephalon is composed of ___ parts:

A 
4
~thalamus
~hypothalamus
~subthalamus
~epithalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thalamus is a

A

large nuclear complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thalamus can be have____ or _____ descriptions

A

anatomical or functional descriptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thalamus- anatomical description

A

~there are lateral nuclei to the internal medullary lamina, medial nuclei that is medial to the lamina, anterior nucleus that is anterior to the lamina, and the intralaminar nuclei within the lamina
~the large number of lateral nuclei are divided into dorsal and ventral tier of nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thalamus- functional description

A

~relay nuclei
~association nuclei
~regulatory nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Relay Nuclei of Thalamus (function)

A

~function to relay information from different brain regions to cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Relay Nuclei of Thalamus (parts)

A

~Anterior nucleus
~Ventral Lateral and Ventral Anterior
~Ventral Posterior
~Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Relay Nuclei- Anterior Nucleus

A

~relays information from reticular formation of brainstem to the prefrontal cortex
~this relayed information id important in linking emotional content to sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Lateral (VL) and Ventral Anterior (VA)

A

~relay information from the basal nuclei (ganglia) and cerebellum to motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Posterior nucleus (parts)

A

~ventroposterolateral

~ventroposteromedial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Posterior nucleus- ventroposterolateral

A

~relays somatosensory information from the body (via connections in the spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Posterior nucleus- ventroposteromedial

A

~relays somatosensory information from the head and face (via connections in the brainstem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Relays Nuclei- Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei (location)

A

~located very posterior in the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Relays Nuclei- Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei

A

~lateral- relays visual information from primary visual input to the primary visual cortex of the occipital cortex
~medial- relays auditory information as part of the primary auditory to the primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (include)

A

~midline (medial nuclei)
~interlaminar nuclei (Dorsomedian and Centromedian)
~pulvinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (information from)

A

There connect structures like (to the cerebral cortex):
~basal nuclei
~brainstem reticular activating system
~various sensory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (information to)

A 
Send this information to:
~the limbic cortex
~prefrontal cortex
~posterior parietal cortex
*and diffuse through the rest of the cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (function)

A

~providing emotional components of sensory input
~reticular activating system providing alertness and wakefulness
~visual pathways to posterior parietal areas for spatial coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reticular nucleus of Thalamus (functions)

A

~regulate excitability of other thalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reticular nucleus of Thalamus (parts)

A

~Reticular nucleus (outer lateral coat of thalamus)

~Zona Incerta (inferior to thalamus contiguous with reticular nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypothalamus (location)

A

~large group of nuclei located just below the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypothalamus (parts)

A

~Anterior (supraoptic)
~Middle (tuberal)
~Posterior (mammillary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hypothalamus- Anterior

A

above the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypothalamus- Middle

A

above the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hypothalamus- Posterior

A

most posterior group over level of mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hypothalamus (function)

A 
~regulates endocrine and autonomic function
~chief effector of the limbic system 
~body temperature regulation 
~sleep- wakefulness cycle 
~emotional and behavioral functional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypothalamus (input-7)

A

~cerebral cortex, midbrain, brainstem, hipcampus, amygdala, septal nuclei, & cicumventricular sensory organs
*theses last are chemosensitive areas that sense toxin in the cerebrospinal fluid and trigger emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hypothalamus (output-7)

A

~cerebral cortex, midbrain, hippocampus, amygdala, septal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord

30
Q

Control from the anterior pituitary gland on the hypothalamus

A

*anterior pituitary can be easily described as part of the endocrine system but it has a neuroendocrime component
~Neuroendocrine- neurons from the nuclei release hormones in median eminence
~Endocrine- hormones circulate to anterior pituitary via hypothalamic- hypophysical (pituitary) portal system of vessels
~triggers release of hormones

31
Q

Control form the posterior pituitary gland on the hypothalamus

A

~neurons in two nuclei, specifically the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus send axon to posterior pituitary
~release hormones

32
Q

What hormones do the anterior pituitary gland release?

A 
~Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
~Growth hormone
~Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
~Gonadotropic hormone (FSH and LH)
~Prolactin
33
Q

What hormones do the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

~oxytocin

~antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

34
Q

Hypothalamus- control of ANS

A

~referred to as “head nucleus” of sympathetic division of ANS
~descending control of spinal sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
~regulation of blood floe and blood pressure particularly during exercise
~thermal regulation
~some parasympathetic funation- emesis (vomiting) reflexes

35
Q

Epithalamus (composed of)

A

~pineal gland

~associated structures

36
Q

Epithalamus- pineal gland

A

~located posterior to the thalamus and superior to superior colliculus
~Neuroendocrine function- releases melatonin

37
Q

Melatonin (what is it for, etc)

A

~the release of melatonin follow a Circadian rhythm and is thought to have a role in sleep/wakefulness cycles

38
Q

Subthalamus (location)

A

~a wedge-shaped nucleus to the thalamus between thalamus and middbrain

39
Q

Subthalamus (what is it for)

A

~a nucleus of basal nuceli (ganglia) and has an important role in motor function

40
Q

Why is the cerebellum call the “little brain”?

A

it is small in size, but high in neuron density

41
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

~posterior cranial fossa
~superior to brainstem (pons and medulla)
~inferior to occipital lob of cerebrum

42
Q

Cerebellum has functions in (3) domains

A

~motor
~cognitive/affective
~visceral

43
Q

Cerebellum- motor functions

A

*the control of the motor system predominates
~normal muscle tone
~smooth, accurate, and coordinated movements
~postural stability
~motor coordination

44
Q

What are the two major motor roles in the cerebellum?

A

Feedback comparator and feed forward controller

45
Q

Cerebellum- motor control (feedback)

A

~takes the signal after it has been processed and brains it BACK into the process
~comparator function of the cerebellum is hen it compares the intended motor performance with the motor performance (movement) that actually occurs
~allows for error detection and correction
~allows the cerebellum to provide coordination, regulation, and modulation of motor behavior

46
Q

Cerebellum- motor control (feed forward)

A

~a control signal that enters the process for the first time, PRIOR to the process of completing the task
~role of cerebellum is involved in the cerebellum’s role in the learning and performance of smooth, complex movements

47
Q

Cerebellum- divided into

A

~central vermis and hemispheres
~also anterior and posterior lobes (separated by the primary fissure) and the flocculonodular lobes which is separated from the posterior lobe by the posterolateral fissure
*lobes can be further divided into lobules

48
Q

Folia

A

folds in the cerebellar cortex

49
Q

The cerebellum is surround by

A

deep white matter surrounded by a thin outer mantle of cerebellar cortex

50
Q

Cerebellum: the inner white matter is called

A

arbor vitae

51
Q

Cerebellum: the deep white matter has (_) bilateral pairs of deep nuclei

A 
4
~Fastigial nucleus
~Nucleus interpositus- Globose nucleus
~Nucleus interpositus- Emboliform nucleus 
~Dentate nucleus
52
Q

In the cerebellum, there are 3 distinct layers

A

~molecular layer
~Purkinje cell layer
~granule cell layer

53
Q

Cerebellum: molecular layer

A

~dense arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites, all of which are in a plane perpendicular to direction of folia
~excitatory input fibers (climbing and parallel fibers)- climbing fibers wrap around the Purkinje cells and their dendrites while parallel fibers run in parallel to the direction of the folia (each parallel fiber would run through thousands of Purkinje cell dendritic fields)
~inhibitory interneurons called stellate and basket cells

54
Q

Cerebellum: Purkinje cell layer

A

~regularly spaced Purkinje neurons

~excitatory climbing fibers

55
Q

Cerebellum: Granular cell layer

A

~Granule cells form excitatory parallel fibers of the molecular layer
~mossy fiber inputs
~inhibitory Golgi cells

56
Q

Cerebellar peduncles (what is it)

A

Afferents and efferents leave the cerebellum through here

57
Q

Cerebellar peduncle (parts)

A

~Inferior
~Middle
~Superior

58
Q

Cerebellar peduncle- Inferior

A

(restiform body)
~afferent from spinal cord and vestibular system and inferior olive
~efferent to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

59
Q

Cerebellar peduncle- Middle

A

(brachium pontis)

~afferents from pontine nuclei of the pons

60
Q

Cerebellar peduncle- Superior

A

(brachium conjunctivum)
~mostly efferents from cerebellum to thalamus and brainstem
~however, the ventral spinocerebellar tract enter through here as well

61
Q

Cerebellum: what are the 3 functional divisions?

A

~vestibulocerebellum
~spinocerebellum
~pontocerebellum

62
Q

Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum

A

*also called Archicerebellum
~composed of the Flocculonodular lobe
~it is interconnected with (both afferents from and efferents to) the vestibular nuclei
~the principle deep nucleus which provides efferent fibers from this region is the fastigial nucleus

63
Q

Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum

A

*Also called Paleocerebellum
~composed of the vermis and paravermal cortex
~highly interconnected with spinal cord and brainstem
~principal deep output nuclei from this region are the fastigial and interposed nuclei

64
Q

Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum

A

*also called Neocerebellum or cerebrocerebellum
~composed of lateral cerebellar hemisphere
~highly interconnected with motor cortex
~the principal deep output nucleus is dentate nucleus

65
Q

Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum (function)

A

~regulation of muscle tone, posture, balance, and gait

66
Q

Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum (function)

A

~skilled movement, tone, posture of ipsilateral LE and gait

67
Q

Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum (function)

A

~skilled movement, tone, posture of ipsilateral UE and motor learning

68
Q

Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum (damage)

A

~dysequilibrium and loss of balance

69
Q

Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum (damage)

A

~staggering ataxic gait, and wide base of support

70
Q

Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum (damage)

A

~loss of skilled movement, uncoordinated, ataxic movement, intention tremor, and dysdiadochokinesia

Intro to Neuro (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions