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Intro to Neuro > Forebrain part 2 > Flashcards

Forebrain part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon is located

A

at the center of the cerebrum

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2
Q

Diencephalon is composed of ___ parts:

A 
4
~thalamus
~hypothalamus
~subthalamus
~epithalamus
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3
Q

Thalamus is a

A

large nuclear complex

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4
Q

Thalamus can be have____ or _____ descriptions

A

anatomical or functional descriptions

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5
Q

Thalamus- anatomical description

A

~there are lateral nuclei to the internal medullary lamina, medial nuclei that is medial to the lamina, anterior nucleus that is anterior to the lamina, and the intralaminar nuclei within the lamina
~the large number of lateral nuclei are divided into dorsal and ventral tier of nuclei

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6
Q

Thalamus- functional description

A

~relay nuclei
~association nuclei
~regulatory nuclei

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7
Q

Relay Nuclei of Thalamus (function)

A

~function to relay information from different brain regions to cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Relay Nuclei of Thalamus (parts)

A

~Anterior nucleus
~Ventral Lateral and Ventral Anterior
~Ventral Posterior
~Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei

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9
Q

Relay Nuclei- Anterior Nucleus

A

~relays information from reticular formation of brainstem to the prefrontal cortex
~this relayed information id important in linking emotional content to sensory input

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10
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Lateral (VL) and Ventral Anterior (VA)

A

~relay information from the basal nuclei (ganglia) and cerebellum to motor cortex

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11
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Posterior nucleus (parts)

A

~ventroposterolateral

~ventroposteromedial

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12
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Posterior nucleus- ventroposterolateral

A

~relays somatosensory information from the body (via connections in the spinal cord)

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13
Q

Relay Nuclei- Ventral Posterior nucleus- ventroposteromedial

A

~relays somatosensory information from the head and face (via connections in the brainstem)

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14
Q

Relays Nuclei- Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei (location)

A

~located very posterior in the thalamus

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15
Q

Relays Nuclei- Lateral and Medial Geniculate nuclei

A

~lateral- relays visual information from primary visual input to the primary visual cortex of the occipital cortex
~medial- relays auditory information as part of the primary auditory to the primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

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16
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (include)

A

~midline (medial nuclei)
~interlaminar nuclei (Dorsomedian and Centromedian)
~pulvinar

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17
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (information from)

A

There connect structures like (to the cerebral cortex):
~basal nuclei
~brainstem reticular activating system
~various sensory systems

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18
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (information to)

A 
Send this information to:
~the limbic cortex
~prefrontal cortex
~posterior parietal cortex
*and diffuse through the rest of the cerebral cortex
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19
Q

Association nuclei of Thalamus (function)

A

~providing emotional components of sensory input
~reticular activating system providing alertness and wakefulness
~visual pathways to posterior parietal areas for spatial coordination

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20
Q

Reticular nucleus of Thalamus (functions)

A

~regulate excitability of other thalamic nuclei

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21
Q

Reticular nucleus of Thalamus (parts)

A

~Reticular nucleus (outer lateral coat of thalamus)

~Zona Incerta (inferior to thalamus contiguous with reticular nucleus)

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22
Q

Hypothalamus (location)

A

~large group of nuclei located just below the thalamus

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23
Q

Hypothalamus (parts)

A

~Anterior (supraoptic)
~Middle (tuberal)
~Posterior (mammillary)

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24
Q

Hypothalamus- Anterior

A

above the optic chiasm

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25
Hypothalamus- Middle
above the pituitary gland
26
Hypothalamus- Posterior
most posterior group over level of mammillary bodies
27
Hypothalamus (function)
``` ~regulates endocrine and autonomic function ~chief effector of the limbic system ~body temperature regulation ~sleep- wakefulness cycle ~emotional and behavioral functional ```
28
Hypothalamus (input-7)
~cerebral cortex, midbrain, brainstem, hipcampus, amygdala, septal nuclei, & cicumventricular sensory organs *theses last are chemosensitive areas that sense toxin in the cerebrospinal fluid and trigger emesis
29
Hypothalamus (output-7)
~cerebral cortex, midbrain, hippocampus, amygdala, septal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord
30
Control from the anterior pituitary gland on the hypothalamus
*anterior pituitary can be easily described as part of the endocrine system but it has a neuroendocrime component ~Neuroendocrine- neurons from the nuclei release hormones in median eminence ~Endocrine- hormones circulate to anterior pituitary via hypothalamic- hypophysical (pituitary) portal system of vessels ~triggers release of hormones
31
Control form the posterior pituitary gland on the hypothalamus
~neurons in two nuclei, specifically the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus send axon to posterior pituitary ~release hormones
32
What hormones do the anterior pituitary gland release?
``` ~Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ~Growth hormone ~Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ~Gonadotropic hormone (FSH and LH) ~Prolactin ```
33
What hormones do the posterior pituitary gland release?
~oxytocin | ~antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
34
Hypothalamus- control of ANS
~referred to as "head nucleus" of sympathetic division of ANS ~descending control of spinal sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons ~regulation of blood floe and blood pressure particularly during exercise ~thermal regulation ~some parasympathetic funation- emesis (vomiting) reflexes
35
Epithalamus (composed of)
~pineal gland | ~associated structures
36
Epithalamus- pineal gland
~located posterior to the thalamus and superior to superior colliculus ~Neuroendocrine function- releases melatonin
37
Melatonin (what is it for, etc)
~the release of melatonin follow a Circadian rhythm and is thought to have a role in sleep/wakefulness cycles
38
Subthalamus (location)
~a wedge-shaped nucleus to the thalamus between thalamus and middbrain
39
Subthalamus (what is it for)
~a nucleus of basal nuceli (ganglia) and has an important role in motor function
40
Why is the cerebellum call the "little brain"?
it is small in size, but high in neuron density
41
Where is the cerebellum located?
~posterior cranial fossa ~superior to brainstem (pons and medulla) ~inferior to occipital lob of cerebrum
42
Cerebellum has functions in (3) domains
~motor ~cognitive/affective ~visceral
43
Cerebellum- motor functions
*the control of the motor system predominates ~normal muscle tone ~smooth, accurate, and coordinated movements ~postural stability ~motor coordination
44
What are the two major motor roles in the cerebellum?
Feedback comparator and feed forward controller
45
Cerebellum- motor control (feedback)
~takes the signal after it has been processed and brains it BACK into the process ~comparator function of the cerebellum is hen it compares the intended motor performance with the motor performance (movement) that actually occurs ~allows for error detection and correction ~allows the cerebellum to provide coordination, regulation, and modulation of motor behavior
46
Cerebellum- motor control (feed forward)
~a control signal that enters the process for the first time, PRIOR to the process of completing the task ~role of cerebellum is involved in the cerebellum's role in the learning and performance of smooth, complex movements
47
Cerebellum- divided into
~central vermis and hemispheres ~also anterior and posterior lobes (separated by the primary fissure) and the flocculonodular lobes which is separated from the posterior lobe by the posterolateral fissure *lobes can be further divided into lobules
48
Folia
folds in the cerebellar cortex
49
The cerebellum is surround by
deep white matter surrounded by a thin outer mantle of cerebellar cortex
50
Cerebellum: the inner white matter is called
arbor vitae
51
Cerebellum: the deep white matter has (_) bilateral pairs of deep nuclei
``` 4 ~Fastigial nucleus ~Nucleus interpositus- Globose nucleus ~Nucleus interpositus- Emboliform nucleus ~Dentate nucleus ```
52
In the cerebellum, there are 3 distinct layers
~molecular layer ~Purkinje cell layer ~granule cell layer
53
Cerebellum: molecular layer
~dense arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites, all of which are in a plane perpendicular to direction of folia ~excitatory input fibers (climbing and parallel fibers)- climbing fibers wrap around the Purkinje cells and their dendrites while parallel fibers run in parallel to the direction of the folia (each parallel fiber would run through thousands of Purkinje cell dendritic fields) ~inhibitory interneurons called stellate and basket cells
54
Cerebellum: Purkinje cell layer
~regularly spaced Purkinje neurons | ~excitatory climbing fibers
55
Cerebellum: Granular cell layer
~Granule cells form excitatory parallel fibers of the molecular layer ~mossy fiber inputs ~inhibitory Golgi cells
56
Cerebellar peduncles (what is it)
Afferents and efferents leave the cerebellum through here
57
Cerebellar peduncle (parts)
~Inferior ~Middle ~Superior
58
Cerebellar peduncle- Inferior
(restiform body) ~afferent from spinal cord and vestibular system and inferior olive ~efferent to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
59
Cerebellar peduncle- Middle
(brachium pontis) | ~afferents from pontine nuclei of the pons
60
Cerebellar peduncle- Superior
(brachium conjunctivum) ~mostly efferents from cerebellum to thalamus and brainstem ~however, the ventral spinocerebellar tract enter through here as well
61
Cerebellum: what are the 3 functional divisions?
~vestibulocerebellum ~spinocerebellum ~pontocerebellum
62
Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum
*also called Archicerebellum ~composed of the Flocculonodular lobe ~it is interconnected with (both afferents from and efferents to) the vestibular nuclei ~the principle deep nucleus which provides efferent fibers from this region is the fastigial nucleus
63
Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum
*Also called Paleocerebellum ~composed of the vermis and paravermal cortex ~highly interconnected with spinal cord and brainstem ~principal deep output nuclei from this region are the fastigial and interposed nuclei
64
Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum
*also called Neocerebellum or cerebrocerebellum ~composed of lateral cerebellar hemisphere ~highly interconnected with motor cortex ~the principal deep output nucleus is dentate nucleus
65
Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum (function)
~regulation of muscle tone, posture, balance, and gait
66
Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum (function)
~skilled movement, tone, posture of ipsilateral LE and gait
67
Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum (function)
~skilled movement, tone, posture of ipsilateral UE and motor learning
68
Cerebellum: Vestibulocerebellum (damage)
~dysequilibrium and loss of balance
69
Cerebellum: Spinocerebellum (damage)
~staggering ataxic gait, and wide base of support
70
Cerebellum: Pontocerebellum (damage)
~loss of skilled movement, uncoordinated, ataxic movement, intention tremor, and dysdiadochokinesia

Intro to Neuro (9 decks)

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