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Intro to Neuro > Brainstem part 2 > Flashcards

Brainstem part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular Formation (what is it)

A

large diffuse group of tracts and nuclei

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2
Q

Reticular Formation (functions)

A

~integration of sensory input and to organize generalize response to that input
~somatic motor function- via reticulospinal motor pathways
~alertness and consciousness via the ascending reticular activating system
~pain control- Raphe and periaqueductal gray region

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3
Q

ARAS (what does it stand for)

A

ascending reticular activating system

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4
Q

Anatomy of the reticular formation serves (_____) integrations function (and details about this)

A

(sensory)
~neurons have large highly overlapping dendritic trees
~dendritic trees oriented perpendicular to long axis of brainstem
~as axons of the long ascending and descending tracts transverse the brainstem & have collaterals that intermingle with the neurons of the reticular formation
~each neuron receives information from a wide variety of sources

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5
Q

Neurons receives information from a wide variety of sources (details)

A

~one source may dominate input to each neuron but each neuron probably receives both visceral & somatic input and both motor & sensory input

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6
Q

Wide spread output with each reticular formation neuron collateral onto______ other neurons

A

> 25,000 other neurons

~particularly ascending fibers of the reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Reticulospinal Pathways

A

Medial (pontine) and Lateral (medullary)

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8
Q

Medial reticulospinal pathway

A

(pontine)
~arises from oral and causal pontine reticular nuclei
~excites postural muscle to produce a postural set

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9
Q

Lateral reticulospinal pathway

A

(medullary)
~arises from nucleus gigantocellularis reticular nucleus of the medulla
~inhibits postural muscles to get ready for movement

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10
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System

A

Cholinergic (ACh) Component and Adrenergic (NE) Component

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11
Q

Cholinergic (ACh) Component

A

~Arise from dorsal tegmental nucleus & pedunculopontine nucleus
~important in wakeful and REM sleep states

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12
Q

Adrenergic (NE) Component

A

~arises from locus cerueus

~important in wakeful and slow-wave sleep states

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13
Q

Descending Pain Control Pathways

A

Serotongic (5-HT), Adrenergic (NE), Enkephalinergic

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14
Q

Serotongic (5-HT) Component

A

~Arises from midbrain, prontine raphe nuclei, & nucleus raphe magnus of the medulla
~Descend directly to the spinal cord to the inhibit nociceptive afferents

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15
Q

Adrenergic (NE)

A

~arises from the locus ceruleus

~descend directly to the spinal cord to inhibit nociceptive afferents

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16
Q

Enkephalinergic

A

~Arises from midbrain, periaqueductal grey

~descends directly to spinal cord and relays through raphe nuclei to inhibit nociceptive afferents

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17
Q

CN I: Olfactory Nerve

A

~receptor cells in olfactory muscosa ~olfactory nerve penetrates cribriform plates of ethmoid bone
~relayed by mitral cells of olfactory bulb whose axons form the olfactory tract
~olfactory tract axons end primary olfactory cortex of medial temporal lobe- pyriform area (periamygdalar &perihippocampal)
~projecctions to amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, & orbitofrontal cortex as well

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18
Q

For CN I, the receptor cells are in

A

olfactory muscosa

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19
Q

For CN I, the Olfactory nerve penetrates

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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20
Q

For CN I, the olfactory tract ends

A

primarily in primary olfactory cortex of medial temporal lobe

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21
Q

For CN I, projections to

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and orbitofrontal cortex

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22
Q

CN I: Olfactory Nerve (what does it to)

A

~sense of smell

~anosmia (inability to smell

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23
Q

Anosmia may occur with:

A

~common cold
~trauma to face
~degenerative neural diseases such as Parkinson’s & Alzheimer’s Diseases

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24
Q

CN II: Optic Nerve

A

~ Optic nerve arises from ganglion cells of retina (realty CNS tissue)
~Fibers from nasal (medial) retinal field decussate to opposite side in optic chiasm while fibers from temporal (lateral) retinal field stay ipsilateral
~Optic tract extends from chiasm to the geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
~thalamus axons radiate to the primary visual cortex

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25
Q

For CN II, optic nerve arises from

A

ganglion cells of retina

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26
Q

For CN II, optic tracts extends

A

from optic chiasm to the geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

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27
Q

For CN II, the thalamuc axons radiates to

A

the primary visual cortex

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28
Q

For CN II, damage to the optic nerve:

A

~singe eye (monocular) vision lost

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29
Q

For CH II, damage to the optic chiasm:

A

~loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopsia)

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30
Q

For CN II, damage to the optic tract and later in pathways,

A

~loss of contralateral visual field (contralateral homomynous hemianopsia)

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31
Q

CN III: Oculomotor Nerve

A

~ arises from medial ventral surface of midbrain
~oculomotor nuclei
~Innervated superior, medual, & inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles, levator palpebrae
~parasympathetic control of pupillary sphincter and ciliary body for pupillary constriction & near vision lens accommodation respectively

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32
Q

For CN III, arises from

A

medial ventral surface of midbrain

33
Q

For CN III, the oculomotor nuclei

A

~gives rise to the axons form the oculomotor nerve the come from the nuclear complex located in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum just ventral to the periaquductal gray
~Complex is made up of two parts: Oculomotor nucleus – LMN (somatic motor) & Edinger-Westphal nucleus (visceral motor)

34
Q

For CN III, innervates

A 
~superior rectus (elevation)
~medial rectus (adduction)
~inferior rectus (depression) 
~inferior oblique (lateral rotation)
~levator palpebrae (raise eyelid)
35
Q

For CN III, parasympathetic control

A

pupillary sphincter and ciliary body for pupillary constriction & near vision lens accommodation respectively

36
Q

Damage to CN III

A

(oculomotor ophthalamoplegia)
~lateral strabismus
~Ptosis

37
Q

Lateral strabismus

A

unopposed lateral rectus (CN VI)

38
Q

Ptosis

A

drooping eyelid and compensation with frontalis contraction so raised eyebrow & wrinkled forehead

39
Q

CN IV: Trochlear Nerve

A

~trochlear nucleus in midbrain caudal to oculomotor nucleus & ventral to periaqueductal gray
~only cranial nerve to exit the dorsal brainstem
~innervates the superior oblique
~produces intorsion (medial rotation)

40
Q

For CN IV, arises

A

~just caudal to the inferior colliculus
~ from lower motor meurons located in the trochlear nucleus in midbrain caudal to oculomotor nucleus & ventral to periaqueductal gray

41
Q

For CN IV, exits

A

dorsal brainstem (id the only cranial nerve to exit the dorsal brainstem)

42
Q

For CN IV, innervates

A

superior oblique extraocular eye muscles (procures intorsion- medial rotation)

43
Q

For CN IV, damage

A

(trochlear ophthalamoplegia)
~paresis/paralysis of superior oblique
~eye moves up and lateral and extortion
~head tilt to unaffected side to reduce diplopia (double vision)

44
Q

CN VI: Abducens nerve

A

~Abducens nucleus located in caudal pons
~nerve exits medially at pontomedullary junction
~innervates the lateral rectus
~produces ocular abduction

45
Q

For CN VI, arises from

A

lower motor neurons of the abducens nucleus locates in causal pons

46
Q

For CN VI, exits

A

ventrl brainstem medially at pontomeduallary junction

47
Q

For CN VI, innervates

A

lateral rectus, which produces ocular abduction (lateral movement of the eyes)

48
Q

Damage of the CN VI

A

Produces cross eyed appearance due to lack of opposition of medial rectus muscles (innervated by CN III)

49
Q

CN V: Trigeminal Nerve

A

~general sensory of face and motor muscle of mastication
~3 sensory division (ophthalmic- V1, Maxillary- V2, Mandibular- V3)
~motor division (mandibular- V3)
~has a 3 neuron sensory pathway to cerebral cortex

50
Q

For CN V, the sensory divisions

A

Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

51
Q

For CN V, the motor divisions

A

Mandibular (V3)

52
Q

For CN V, neural sensory pathways to the _____

A

(cerebral cortex)
~Primary (1) sensory neuron is the trigeminal nerve primary afferent neuron with its cell bodies in trigeminal sensory ganglion
~Relay: the primary end on the secondary (2) sensory neuron whose cell bodies are either chief sensory nucleus or spinal nucleus of CN V
~Tertiary (3)- the secondary neurons of the pathways in either chief sensory nucleus or the spinal nucleus of CN V send their axons via trigeminothalamic tract to 3 sensory neurons whose cell bodies are in the ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus
**these tertiary neurons of the 3 neuron sensory pathway in the VPM nucleus of thalamic have axons which project to primary somatosensory cortex

53
Q

chief sensory nucleus:

A

for somatosensations of touch and pressure and the spinal nucleus of V for the somatosensation of pain and temperature

54
Q

For CN V, the ______ neurons of muscles of ______ are in motor nucleus of CN V

A

(Lower motor) neurons {LMN} of muscles of (mastication) are in motor nucleus of CN V

55
Q

For CN V, most common form of damage

A

Neuralgia (is the most common form of pathology)
~sometimes incorrectly called tic doulourex (which is only the facial spasms associated with the condition)
~characterized by severe shocking or stabbing facial pain

56
Q

CN VII: Facial Nerve

A

~arises from brainstem laterally at the pontomedullary junction
~function include: general sensory, special sensory, somatic motor, parasympathetic efferent
~

57
Q

For CN VII, arises

A

from brainstem laterally at the pontomedullary junction

58
Q

For CN VII, functions

A

~general sensory: external ear & tympanic membrane
~special sensory: taste from anterior 2/3rd tongue (salty, sweet, or sour)
~somatic motor: muscle of facial expressions & stapedius
~parasympathetic efferents: to lacrimal glands and submandibular & sublingual salivary glands

59
Q

For CN VII, damage

A

Bell’s Palsy
~is the most characterized by the loss of voluntary control of the muscles ipsilateral (on the same side) as the damaged nerve

60
Q

CN VIII, Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

~Special Sensory Convey: vestibular (balance/ equilibrium) information & Cochlear (hearing/ auditory) information
~enters brainstem at pontomedullary junction very laterally
~involved in both balance and auditory reflexes as well as cognitive awareness of movement and balance and sounds

61
Q

For CN VIII, special sensory conveys

A

~Vestibular (balance/ equilibrium) information

~Cochlear (hearing/ auditory) information

62
Q

For CN VIII, enters

A

brainstem at pontomedullary junction laterally

63
Q

For CN VIII, primary afferents arises

A

from neurons in the inner ear- cochlear for the auditory fibers and the vestibular complex for the balance/ equilibrium fibers

64
Q

For CN VIII, involved

A

~both balance and auditory reflex

~cognitive awareness of movement, balance, and sound

65
Q

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

~enters brainstem laterally in rostral medulla

~Components: general sensory, special sensory, visceral sensory,

66
Q

For CN IX, enters

A

brainstem laterally in rostral medulla

67
Q

For CN IX, components

A

~General sensory: from pharynx, middle ear, & posterior 1/3 of tongue
~Special sensory: taste form he posterior 1/3 of tongue
~Visceral sensory: fibers from carotid bodies & carotid bodies
~ Branchial motor to stylopharyngeus muscle
~visceral motor- parasympathetic to parotid gland

68
Q

CN X: Vagus Nerve

A

~enters brainstem laterally in rostral medulla

~components: general sensory, visceral sensory, special sensory, branchial (somatic) motor, autonomic efferents

69
Q

For CN X, enters

A

brainstem laterally in rostral medulla

70
Q

For CN X, Components

A

~general sensory: pharynx, larynx, trachea, cranial dura, & thoracic & abdominal viscera
~Visceral sensory: aortic baroreceptors
~special sensory of taste from epiglottis
~branchial (somatic) motor to pharyngeal & laryngeal muscles
~autonomic efferents to the thoracic & abdominal viscera

71
Q

CN XI: Accessory

A

~two main parts: cranial and spinal

~function is somatic (branchial) motor

72
Q

For CN XI, cranial

A

~arises from ventral lateral medulla

73
Q

For CN XI, spinal

A

~rises from upper cervical spinal nerves

~ascends thru foramen magnum to join cranial portion

74
Q

For CN XI, function

A

~is somatic (branchial) motor

~innervates: sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius (cervical component) & pharyngeal and laryngeal (cranial component)

75
Q

CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve

A

~exits from ventral lateral medulla

~somatic motor- intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

76
Q

For CN XII, exits

A

from ventral lateral medulla

77
Q

Reflexes

A

~most basic relationship between sensory input and motor output
~stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus
~involve afferent limb, integration within the CNS, & efferent (motor) limb

78
Q

In brain stem reflexes, the afferent and efferent limbs may involve (same/different/both) cranial nerves

A

may involve same or different cranial nerves

Intro to Neuro (9 decks)

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