Intro to neurons/Resting membrane potential Flashcards
What are the two broad categories of neurons
- Neurons
- Glia
How many neurons in the human brain?
Approx. 86 billion
Neuron structure and function of each part
- Dendrites are inputs. Often there are many. They taper in diameter.
- Soma (cell body) sums all the inputs from the dendrites.
- The axon is the output (only one but it can branch.) Axons have constant diameter.
- Some neurons don’t have an axon or dendrites (but still function as neurons).
Structure of an idealized neuron
Communication within and between neurons
Interactions at Synapses
A neuron isn’t purely pre- or post-synaptic. It can be pre-synaptic to many others and post- synaptic to many others (even itself)
Dendrites
- “trees”
- unique to neurons
Dendrites - most synapses end on dendrites (i.e. dendrites are neuron inputs)
- neurotransmitters bind to special receptor proteins in the cell membrane of dendrites
- ion channels in membrane allow electrical signals to reach soma
Dendritic Spines
- some dendrites are spiny, others are not
- synapses often end on spines
- shape and density of spines determine synapse strength, timing properties, etc
- spines change in development and with learning
Rats: dendritic spine changes associated with environmental enrichment
Humans: dendritic spine abnormalities associated with intellectual impairment
Example 1: general intellectual impairment - long and abnormally spindly spines
Example 2: Fragile X syndrome (most common genetic cause of autism)
- long and abnormally dense spines
Neuron Cytoskeleton
Scaffold proteins affect neuron shape and function (common to eukaryotic cells):
* microfilaments – 5nm
* neurofilaments – 10nm
* microtubules – 20nm (transport
molecules up and down axon)
Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)
Regulate assembly and function of microtubules
e.g. the MAP known as tau protein links microtubules
Alzheimer’s Disease macroscopic pathology
- Cell death, gyri shrink, sulci & ventricles expand
- Cognitive deficits – memory loss, confusion, difficulty with speech and navigation
- Innumerable factors are reported to influence occurrence, but cause is unknown
Alzheimer’s Disease microscopic pathology
Two key proteins are abnormally clumped
- Tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons
(number of tangles correlates with cognitive decline) - Plaques made of β-amyloid protein form outside neurons
Alzheimer’s Disease Progression (β amyloid hypothesis)
- abnormal secretionof βA by neurons; βA clumps into plaques
- βA triggers tangle formation: - shape of tau changes
(excess phosphate molecules attach to tau) - microtubules fall apart - neuron dies
- tau accumulates (tangles)
- distorted tau and βA spread to nearby neurons
Axons
- unique to neurons
- axons have few or no ribosomes (little or no protein synthesis). Needed proteins must come from the soma
- ion channels in the axon membrane are critical for electrical conduction of action potentials
Axoplasmic Transport
Transport of organelles and molecules between soma and synapses along axons
* Anterograde – toward axon terminal
* Retrograde – away from axon terminal
Axoplasmic transport- microtubules
Herpes
- Enters nerve terminal through broken skin → retrograde transport to soma
- Viral replication occurs in soma
- Anterograde transport of HSV causes cold sores recurrence on lips
Rabies
- Enters nerve terminal through bite → retrograde transport to soma
- Viral replication occurs in soma
- Cell death (no anterograde transport)
Glia
“glue”
* Brain is ~50% glia
* Generally small soma, 5 - 20 μm (neuron somas are 5-100μm)
* Roles: electrically insulate neurons, protect neurons from infection, nourish neurons
Astrocytes
- one of the most common glia
- fill spaces between neurons
- regulate ion concentrations around
neurons - guide neurons in development
- protect neurons by taking up toxins
Myelinating Glia
Myelination: Oligodendroglia & Schwann Cells
- Schwann cells are in the PNS (peripheral nervous system) – each insulates about a 100 micron length of a single axon
- Oligos are in the CNS (central nervous system) – each insulates many neurons (up to about 50).
- Why the two types?
Are Schwann cells in the PNS or CNS?
PNS
Are Oligos in the PNS or CNS?
CNS
CNS Tumors
- CNS tumors are generally glia cancers. Most common are astrocytomas (most serious is glioblastoma)
- Why don’t we see neuron cancers?
Rare because neurons don’t generally divide in the adult brain - Symptoms of a glial tumor include nausea, headache, vomiting, and functional deficits associated with the affected part of the brain
Brain electrical activity
Electrical activity of individual neurons
The neuronal membrane at rest