intro to neuroanatomy

Question 1

what is the nervous system divided into

Answer 1

CNS,PNS

Question 2

what does the CNS consist of

Answer 2

brain, spinal cord laying within the protection of the cranium and vertebral column

Question 3

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Answer 3

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 4

Spinal nerves serving the upper or lower limbs coalesce (come together) to form the….

Answer 4

brachial or lumbar plexus

Question 5

define ganglia

Answer 5

a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fibre.

Question 6

define somatic nervous system

Answer 6

neurones that detect changes in external environment or with control of movement

Question 7

define autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

nerves which detect and control activity of the viscera (organs), non voluntary movement

Question 8

what are afferent neurones

Answer 8

Nerve cells that carry information from peripheral receptors to the CNS

Question 9

what are efferent neurones

Answer 9

efferent neurones carry impulses away from the CNS

Question 10

what are interneurones

Answer 10

neurones located within the CNS

Question 11

Where are the majority of neurones found?

Answer 11

within the CNS

Question 12

True or false: the enriched areas of the brain with nerve cell bodies is the white matter

Answer 12

false

Question 13

what is white matter?

Answer 13

area containing mostly nerve processes (usually axons) which are myelinated

Question 14

why are axons paler in colour

Answer 14

myelination

Question 15

in neuroanatomy, what is meant by nuclei

Answer 15

nerve cel bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions grouping together

Question 16

true or false: parasympathetic pathway aims to increase energy

Answer 16

false

Question 17

true or false: sympathetic pathway aims to conserve energy

Answer 17

false

Question 18

what is the name of the deep cleft that INCOMPLETLEY separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 18

the great longitudinal fissure

Question 19

the great longnitudinal issue is occupied by the… and in depth lies the…

Answer 19

falx cerebri, corpus callous

Question 20

what is the corpus callous

Answer 20

large bundle of myelinated nerve fibres that run between corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

Question 21

what 3 parts is the brain conventionally divided into?

Answer 21

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 22

the hindbrain is further subdivided into…

Answer 22

medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum

Question 23

what are pons

Answer 23

broad horseshoe-shaped mass of transverse nerve fibres that connect the medulla with the cerebellum.

Question 24

what constitutes the brain stem

Answer 24

medulla, pons and midbrain

Question 25

what does the forebrain consist of?

Answer 25

forebrain consists of the diencephalon (principally the thalamus and hypothalamus) and the cerebral hemisphere.

Question 26

Within the cerebral hemisphere lie several large nuclei called

Answer 26

the basal ganglia

Question 27

what produces the ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 27

choroid plexus

Question 28

how many pairs of crinal nerves does the brain possess

Answer 28

12

Question 29

what links the two cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 29

commissural fibres of the corpus callosum

Question 30

The surface of the cerebral hemisphere consists of cortical grey matter, which is folded to form .... (2)

Answer 30

Geri and sulci ( brain wrinkles)

Question 31

Beneath the surface lie the dense fibre masses of (2)

Answer 31

the corona radiata+ internal capsule

Question 32

frontal lobe contains...

Answer 32

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 33

Temporal lobe containing...

Answer 33

primary auditory cortex

Question 34

Occipital lobe containing

Answer 34

primary visual cortex

Question 35

Limbic lobe containing...

Answer 35

regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 36

where does the spinal cord lie within

Answer 36

vertebral (spinal) canal of the vertebral column

Question 37

describe the spinal cord's position in relation to the medulla oblongata of the brain stem

Answer 37

it is continuous rostrally (superiorly) with the medulla oblongata of the brain stem.

Question 38

how many spinal nerve pairs are within the spinal cord

Answer 38

31 pairs

Question 39

what is dorsal

Answer 39

posterior

Question 40

what is ventral

Answer 40

anterior

Question 41

what is the function of the dorsal roots?

Answer 41

carry afferent nerves, the cell bodies of which are located in dorsal root ganglia .

Question 42

what is the function of ventral roots

Answer 42

ventral roots carry efferent nerve fibres, the parent cell bodies of which lie within the spinal grey matter.

Question 43

what is the intervertebral foramina

Answer 43

small apertures (pores) which spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal

Question 44

what is the caudal equina

Answer 44

the collection of nerves at the end of the spinal cord ( looks like horse tail at the end of the foramina)

Question 45

Four projections of the central grey matter extend dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally towards the lines of attachment of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves. These projections are known as

Answer 45

dorsal horns and ventral horns

Question 46

What does the dorsal horn do?

Answer 46

.site of termination of numerous afferent neurones conveying impulses from sensory receptors throughout the body the site of origin of ascending pathways carrying sensory impulses to the brain.

Question 47

what does the ventral horn consist of/do?

Answer 47

contains motor neurones that innervate skeletal muscle.

Question 48

where is the lateral horn located

Answer 48

thoracic and upper lumbar levels only

Question 49

what does the lateral horn do?

Answer 49

contains preganglionic neurones belonging to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 50

what do ascending tracts of the peripheries within the spinal cord do?

Answer 50

carry information derived from the trunk and limbs to the brain.

Question 51

what are descending tracts used for

Answer 51

the means by which the brain controls the activities of neurones in the spinal cord

Question 52

what are the principle ascending tracts? (3)

Answer 52

dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts, spinocerebrellar tracts

Question 53

what is the function of the dorsal columns

Answer 53

carry fine touch and proprioception (awareness the body is moving/it's position)

Question 54

what is the function of spinothalamic tracts?

Answer 54

carry pain, temperature, coarse touch and pressure,

Question 55

what is the function of spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 55

carry information from muscle and joint receptors to the cerebellum

Question 56

what is the lateral cortiocospinal tract?

Answer 56

a DESCENDING tract controlling skilled voluntary movements

Question 57

within grey matter, dorsal horn contains

Answer 57

sensory neurones

Question 58

within grey matter, ventral horn contains

Answer 58

motor neurones

Question 59

within grey matter, lateral horns contains

Answer 59

preganglionic sympathetic neurones.

Question 60

what term describes the three concentric layers the CNS is ensheathed with

Answer 60

meniges

Question 61

what is the dura mater

Answer 61

the outermost membrane of the meninges, a tough, fibrous coat that surrounds the brain and spinal cord like a loose-fitting bag

Question 62

what are the two large sheets (reflections) of dura which project into the cranial cavity

Answer 62

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Question 63

describe the location of the falx cerebri (2)

Answer 63

sagittal plane between the two cerebral hemispheres. Its free border lies just above the corpus callosum

Question 64

describe the location of the tentorium cerebelli

Answer 64

horizontally, lying BENEATH the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and ABOVE the cerebellum. The tentorium cerebelli is continuous with the posterior part of the falx cerebri.

Question 65

how many layers does the dura mater consist of

Answer 65

2

Question 66

dura mater layers may separate to form ...

Answer 66

dural venous sinuses (a space)

Question 67

what does the dural venous sinuses do?

Answer 67

serve as channels for the venous drainage of the brain

Question 68

where do important dural sinus's occur? (3)

Answer 68

On the floor of the cranial cavity • Along the lines of attachment of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli to the interior of the skull • Along the line of attachment of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli to one another

Question 69

what are the three meningeal layers

Answer 69

dura mater (outer), archnoid (middle) mater, pia mater (inner)

Question 70

what separates the dura from arachnoid mater

Answer 70

a thin subdural space

Question 71

what is the Pia mater

Answer 71

a delicate membrane of microscopic thickness that is firmly adherent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Question 72

what is between the arachnoid and Pia layers

Answer 72

subarachnoid space through which CSF circulates

Question 73

what supplies the brain with blood

Answer 73

.internal carotid | .vertebral arteries

Question 74

how is the spinal cord supplied

Answer 74

supplied by vessels arising from the vertebral arteries, reinforced by radicular arteries derived from segmental vessels.

Question 75

what mainly supplies the meninges

Answer 75

(inter cranial )middle meningeal artery

Question 76

what vessels connect to form circlus arteriosus ( the circle of Willis)

Answer 76

Anterior+ posterior cerebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

Question 77

why is the circlus ateriosus useful

Answer 77

it allows blood flow to continue if a major blood vessel is blocked on one side

Question 78

what is meant by rostral

Answer 78

towards the nose/beak

Question 79

which structure connects the third and fourth ventricle

Answer 79

cerebral aqueduct

Question 80

name the four ventricles in the brain

Answer 80

lateral ventricle interventricular foramen third ventricle fourth ventricle

Question 81

what does the inter ventricular foramen do?

Answer 81

connection between the third ventricle and the lateral ventricle

Question 82

what is the interthalmic adhesion?

Answer 82

neuroanatomical structure that forms a bridge of tissue connecting the thalamus of each hemisphere across the midline