inflammation

Question 1

What are the four main signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Colour
heat
pain
swelling

Question 2

four factors of inflammation being a universal process

Answer 2

immunity and infection
genetic
cell biology
hameatology

Question 3

What is inflammation

Answer 3

a rapid non specific response to cellular injury

Question 4

what three things occur during acute inflammation

Answer 4

change in blood flow
structural changes in the microvasculature (capillaries, venules and arterioles)
recruitment/accumulation of immune cells and proteins

Question 5

what cells are typically found in the interstitium?

Answer 5

mast cells

macrophages

Question 6

what cells are typically found in the vascular endothelium?

Answer 6

.leukocytes

.neutrophils

Question 7

inflammatory signals results in …

Answer 7

. non apoptotic cell death

.detection of foreign material

Question 8

what are the 2 vasodilators released during infection?

Answer 8

histamine

Nitric oxide

Question 9

what vascular changes are observed during inflammation?

Answer 9

Increased permeability
. dilation
.reduced flow
.plasma leakage

Question 10

Give 3 sources of histamines

Answer 10

source: Mast cells, basophils, platelets

Question 11

Give 2 sources of prostaglandins

Answer 11

mast cells, leukocytes

Question 12

Give three sources of cytokines (TNF, IL-1)

Answer 12

.Macrophages
.endothelial cells
mast cells

Question 13

give two sources of chemokines

Answer 13

leukocytes

activated macrophages

Question 14

Give a source of Complement. (C5a, C3a, C4a)

Answer 14

plasma

Question 15

what does histamine do?

Answer 15

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

Question 16

actions of prostaglandins

Answer 16

vasodilation, pain, fever

Question 17

action of cytokines

Answer 17

endothelial activation, fever

Question 18

action of chemokines

Answer 18

chemotaxis, leukocyte activation

Question 19

action of Complement (C5a, C3a, C4a)

Answer 19

LEUKOCYTE chemotaxis and activation, vasodilation, Oponisation (attach opsins for phagocytosis)

Question 20

what is exudate

Answer 20

Fluid, proteins and cells that have seeped out of a blood vessel

Question 21

Give an example of immune cell recruitment

Answer 21

Chemokine: CXCL8 otherwise known as IL-8

Receptors: CXCR1 and CXCR2, g-coupled 7-transmembrane proteins

Cell type: Neutrophils. Often the first cell type recruited to the site of inflammation

Question 22

what are the four stages of neutrophile extravasition

Answer 22

1) Chemo attraction, cytokines lead to endothelial upregulation of adhesion molecules e.g selectin
2) rolling adhesion: carbohydrate low affinity ligand binds e.g PSGL binds P and E selectin
3) Tight adhesion: Chemokines promote higfh affinity switch in integrins e.g ICAM 1/2
4) TRANSMIGRATIO- cytoskeletal rearranges and pseudopodia occurs ( temp entension of cytoplasm)- mediated BY PECAM.

Question 23

how to neutrophils work at sight of infection

Answer 23

. use of TLR4 and CD14 to identify lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in gram-negative bacteria
Pathogen clearance via phagocytosis+netosis
.Cytokine secretion: recruit and activates other immune cells

Phagocytosis
Large particles engulfed into membrane bound vesicles (phagosomes)
Phagosome fuses with lysosome (vesicles containing enzymes e.g. elastase and lysozyme) -> phagolysosome
Ractive oxygen species (ROS) – phagocyte NADPH oxidase
Antimicrobial peptides – e.g. defensins.

Question 24

define antigen

Answer 24

A molecule or molecular structure that can be recognised by an antibody
any substance to which your immune system can mount an antibody or adaptive immune response

Question 25

what are the 4 types of antigen

Answer 25

Antigen types:
Foreign antigen: an antigen derived from molecules not found in the body
Self antigen: an antigen derived from molecules produced by our bodies
Immunogen: an antigen independently capable of driving an immune response in the absence of additional substances
Hapten: a small molecule that alone does not act as an antigen but when bound to a larger molecule can create an antigen

Question 26

give some chronic diseseases

Answer 26

Asthma
Hepatisis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Multiple sclerosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Glomerulonephritis
Psoriasis

Question 27

give some dieases assoicated with granulomatous inflammation

Answer 27

Examples: Tuburculosis
Leprosy
Foreign body granuloma
Tumor reactions
Sarcoidosis
Crohns disease ( a specific type of IBD)

Question 28

chronic inflammation charactersitics:

Answer 28

. perisistent infection e.g hep B/c
unclearable particulates
autoimmunity

Question 29

positives of macrophages

Answer 29

Phagocytic
cytotoxic
anti-inflammatory (e.g IL-10, TGF-beta)
Wound repair

Question 30

Negatives of macrophages

Answer 30

cytotoxic
inflammatory
pro-fibrotic

Question 31

T cells in inflammation:

Answer 31

.pro inflammatory e.g TNF, IFN-gamma)
Cytotoxic e.g granzymes, perforin
regulatory e.g TNF-beta

Question 32

differences between acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 32

Acute:
Immediate
vasodilation
neutrophils
histamine release
prominent necrosis
complete resolution or progresses to chronic

Chronic:
Delayed onset
persistent inflammation
Monocytes/macrophages
cytokine release
prominent scarring
scarring/loss of function of tissues occurs

Question 33

What are 3 advantages to acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 33

. Clear inflammatory agent
.removes damaged cells
.restores normal tissue function

Question 34

What are three negatives to chronic/acute inflammation

Answer 34

.Excess tissue damage
.scarring
.loss of organ function leading to organ failure

Question 35

What causes scarring and excess tissue damage

Answer 35

excessive extracellular matrix deposition

Question 36

give a consequence of inflammation

Answer 36

Bronco-pneumonia