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pom > Antimicrobial therapies > Flashcards

Antimicrobial therapies Flashcards

1
Q

describe 3 properties of aminoglycosides

A

.Bactericidal
.target protein synthesis, RNA proofreading ,damages cell membrane
Toxic

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2
Q

name two aminoglycosides

A
  • Gentamicin, streptomycin
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3
Q

Give 4 features of rifampicin

A

•Bacteriocidal
Targets RpoB subunit of RNA polymerase
.Spontaneous resistance is frequent
. makes secretions orange/red

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4
Q

I target lipid II component of cell wall biosynthesis as well as wall cross linking via D-ala residues, i am bactericidal, i am toxic, what antibiotic am i?

A

Vancomycin

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5
Q

give me 3 features of vancomycin

A

.Bactericidal
. TARGET lipid II components of cell wall biosynthesis as well as wall crosslinking via d-ala residues
.toxic

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6
Q

I inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis by binding to 50S rRNA subunit, i am bacteriostatic, i exhibit gram positive spectrum activity, i am…

A

linezolid

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7
Q

give 3 features of linezolid

A

.BACTERIOSTATIC
. inhibits initiation of protein synthesis by binding to 50S rRNA subunit
Gram-positive spectrum of activity

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8
Q

I am bactericidal, target cell membrane, gram positive bacteria are affected, toxic, what i am i?

A

Daptomycin

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9
Q

GIVE 4 features of daptomycin

A

.Bactericidal
.Gram positive bacteria
.Targets cell membrane
.toxic

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10
Q

i inhibit synthesis of petidioglycan by binding to Penicillin-binding proteins (PBP). E.g i am Penicillin and methicillin. What kind of antibiotic am i?

A

BETA LACTAMS

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of beta lactams

A

penicillin and methicillin

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12
Q

what do beta lactams do?

A

interfere with synthesis of petidoglycan component of cell wall by binding to Penicillin-binding proteins (PBP)

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13
Q

give 2 examples of macroslides

A

erythromycin, azithromycin

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14
Q

describe macrolides

A

.gram positive+ gram negative

. Targets 50s ribosomal subunit preventing amino-acyl transfer hence truncates polypetides

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15
Q

I am synthetic, broad spectrum, bactericidal.
I target DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in both gram + and - bacteria
what am i?

A

quinolones

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16
Q

Explain the function of quinolones

A

.synthetic, bacteriocidal, broad spectrum

. TARGET DNA gyrase and topisomerase IV in + and - bacteria

17
Q

describe the interaction of DNA gyrase and quinolone

A

QUINOLONE stabalises the DNA-DNA gyrase complex hence broken strands cant be released and DNA REPLICATION IS BLOCKED

18
Q

what are the 4 machanisms that cause antibiotic resistance

A

. altered target site
.altered metabolism
. inactivation of antibiotic
.decreased drug accumulation

19
Q

how can an altered target site arrise?

A

via acquistion of alternative gene or gene that encodes a target-modifying enzyme

20
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to erythromycin occurs how?

A

via acquisition of erm genes which encodes an enzyme that methylates the AB target site in the 50S ribosomal subunit

21
Q

Methicillin-resistant Straphylococcus aureus (MRSA) encodes…

A

an alternative PBP with low affinity to beta lactams

22
Q

2 examples of enyzmes which degrade antibiotics

A

beta-lactamse and cat ( chloramphenicol acetyl transferase)

23
Q

give 2 broad spectrum beta lactamases

A

ESBL, NDM-1

24
Q

explain altered metabolism in antibiotic resistance

A

. Increased production of enzyme substrate can out compete antibiotic inhibitor (e.g increased PABA allows resistance to sulfonamides)
.Bacteria switch to other metabolic pathways reducing need for PABA.

25
Q

3 sources of antbiotic resistant genes

A

plasmids
transposons
naked DNA

26
Q

explain the three sources of antibiotic resistant genes

A

PLASMIDS-extra chromosomal circular DNA, carries multiple AB resistant genes
TRANSPOSONS- integrate into chromosomal DNA, allow transfer of genes from plasmids to chromosome and vice versa
.Naked DNA- DNA from dead bacteria released into environment

27
Q

WHAT ARE THE 5 NON GENETIC MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS

A 
.Biofilm
.intracellular location
.slow growth
.spores
.Persisters
28
Q

Reasons antibiotic treatment fail are..

A 
. Inappropiate choice for organism
Poor penetration of ab into target site
.INAPPROPIATE dose
wrong administration e.g oral v.s IV)
PRESENCE OF AB within commensal flora e.g secretion of beta-lactamase
29
Q

what 3 misconceptions were made at dawn of antibiotic era

A

.RESISTANCE WOULD NOT HAPPENS TO MORE THEN ONE CLASS OF ANTIBIOTICS AT THE SAME TIME
. Horizontal gene transfer would not occur
RESISTANT ORGANISMS WOULD BE LESS ‘FIT’.

30
Q

5 RISK FACTORS OF HOSPITAL AQQUIRED INFECTIONS

A 
.crowded wards
immunosupression
broken skin e.g surgical wound/IV catheter
AB therapy may supress normal flora
transmission by staff
31
Q

How can antibiotic resistance be overcome?

A

modify meds e.g prevent cleavage of beta lactams or enhance efficacy e.g METHICILLIN
combinations of antibiotic+inhibitor e.g Beta lactamase+Augmentin

pom (17 decks)

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