Intro to nervous system Flashcards
Components of CNS
Brain and spinal cord
Components of Peripheral Nervous system
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Types of Neurons
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Location of pseudounipolar
sensory neuron of PNS
Location of bipolar neurons
peripheral sensory neurons for smell, vision, hearing and balance
Location of multipolar neurons
throughout CNS
Supporting cells
Glial cells; oligodendrocytes, astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Schwann cells
oligodendrocyte functions
produce myelin
astrocyte function
structural support eg insulate synapses, uptake & synthesis of neurotransmitters
name of glial cell tumours
gliomas
microglia function and description
specialised macrophages that remove damaged neurons and infections
description and function of ependymal cells
form the epithelial lining of the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, form a secretory epithelium (choroid plexus) that produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
name the meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid mater
pia mater
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
filled with CSF
Arteries
Components of brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
lobes of the brain
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
where in the vertebrae does the spinal cord end
Lumbar I and Lumbar II
Number of bones and nerves of Cervical vertebrae
7 bones
8 nerves
No. bones and nerves of thoracic vertebrae
12
No. bones and nerves of lumbar vertebrae
5
No. bones and nerves of sacrum vertebrae
5
No. bones and nerves of coccyx vertebrae
3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
1 coccygeal nerve
function of Autonomic Nervous System
regulates glands
blood vessels
internal organs
function of somatic nervous system
controls skeletal muscle
Systems of Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (rest and digest)
Cranial Nerve Mneumonic device
(Olfactory) Oh (Optic) Oh (Occulomotor) Oh (Trochlear) To (Trigeminal) Touch (Abducens) And (Facial) Feel (Vestibulocochlear) Very (Glassopharynx) Green (Vagus) Vegetable (Accessory) Ah (Hypoglossal) Heaven
organs that the 8 cervical nerves influence
neck and upper limb
organs that the 12 thoracic nerves influence
T1-12 for upper limb and thorax
organs that the 5 lumbar nerves influence
L1-5 for abdomen and lower limb
organs that the 5 sacral nerves influence
1-5 for lower limb and perineum
The urinary and anal sphincters, and the external genitalia, are supplied by S2-4 (sphincters and sex)
sensory spinal nerves
Enters posterior aspect of spinal cord
Cell body in spinal (dorsal root) ganglion
motor spinal nerves
Efferent
Exits anterior aspect of spinal cord
Cell body in spinal cord (grey matter)
Dermatomes
Area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve
Myotomes
Group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates
stages of reflex arcs
Receptor Sensory neuron Integration centre Motor neuron Effector
examples of monosynaptic reflex arcs
Knee
Ankle
direction of nerve impulse of sensory nerves
Afferent
Towards CNS
direction of nerve impulse of motor nerves
Efferent
Away from CNS
Somatic sensation
we are acutely aware of these; well localised (e.g. sharp pain, touch). Generally originate in body wall structures rather than internal organs
visceral sensation
: either imperceptible, only vaguely localisable, or only become perceptible in disease. From blood vessels and internal organs (viscera).
function of sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
Alert - inc. heart rate, contractility and blood pressure
Blood vessels, bronchioles and pupils dilate
Close sphincters
function of parasympathetic nervous system
decrease heart rate and contractility
relaxes alimentary canal
pupil and bronchioles constrict
open sphincters
Structure of sympathetic nervous system
short preganglionic neurons
long postganglionic neurons
structure of parasympathetic nervous system
long preganglionic neurons
short postganglionic neurons
