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Muscle Biology > Autonomic Nervous System Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

role of autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary branch of efferent division of PNS
ANS controls internal environment
heart rate, circulation, digestion, respiration

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2
Q

internal organs controlled by ANS

A 
Heart
Lungs
Stomach & GIT, spleen, pancreas
Bladder & rectum
Kidney & liver
Eye (pupil)
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3
Q

Medulla and Pons in brain stem control

A

Centres controlling cardiovascular, respiratory & digestive fcts.

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4
Q

Hypothalamus controls

A

Heart rate, B.P. respiration (via medulla)

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5
Q

spinal cord controls

A

Integrates autonomic reflexes not subject to higher control

e.g. urination, defecation

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6
Q

Regions regulating the ANS output

A

Medulla and pons
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord

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7
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest - promotes normal maintenance of body

secretion and mobility of the body of different parts of the digestive tract

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8
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight - emergency
increase cardiac outputpulmonary ventilation, routes blood to muscles, raises blood glucose and slows down digestion, kidney filtration and other functions not needed during emergencies

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9
Q

each ANS pathway from ___ to ___ is ___

A

Each ANS pathway from CNS to organ/effector is two-neuron chain

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10
Q

Origin of parasympathetic ANS nerve fibre

A

cranial (X – vagus nerve) and sacral (lower spinal cord)

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11
Q

structure of parasympathetic pathway

A

long and myelinated preganglionic nerves

short and unmyelinated postganglionic

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12
Q

Origin of preganglionic sympathetic SNS nerve fibre

A

Preganglionic - thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cords (T1-L3)

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13
Q

structure of ANS sympathetic pathways

A

short and myelinated preganglionic nerves

long and unmyelinated postganglionic nerves

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14
Q

where does the sympathetic ganglia lie

A

in a chain along either side of the spinal cord - sympathetic trunk

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15
Q

name 2 main neurotransmitters used in ANS

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Noradrenaline (NA)

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16
Q

where is ACh released

A

preganglionic ANS nerves

Postganglionic parasympathetic nerves

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17
Q

what nerves stimulate the release of Noradrenaline

A

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves

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18
Q

2 portions of adrenal gland

A

inner - adrenal medulla

outer - adrenal cortex

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19
Q

how is adrenal medulla innervated

A

Medulla modified sympathetic ganglion w/out postganglionic fibres

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20
Q

what do the preganglionic fibres of adrenal medulla stimulate

A

Preganglionic fibre directly stimulates hormone release from chromaffin cells

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21
Q

what neurotransmitter does adrenal medulla stimulate the release of

A

20% noradrenaline

80% adrenaline

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22
Q

three layers of the adrenal cortex (outer - inner)

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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23
Q

exceptions to rules of ANS

A

Blood vessels
Arterioles & veins (not arteries or capillaries) innervated by sympathetic NS only
Liver (glycogen stores)
Gluconeogenesis (glucose released) by sympathetic NS
Sweat glands
Mainly sympathetic innervation and terminal fibre release ACh(!) not NA(!)

24
Q

Limitation of neurotransmitters of the ANS

A

stimulate activity in some tissues but decrease activity in others
NA increases heart rate but decrease contraction of digestive tract

25
Q

if the tissue/organ targets posses one or more receptor

A

binding of NT induce tissue specific response

26
Q

2 types of receptors

A

ionotrophic receptor - dont open ion channels but change conformation to allow ions - for fast responses
metabotrophic receptor - something must be bound has a cascade and activate other ion channels - for slow responses

27
Q

where are Acetycholine receptors and Noradrenaline receptors in sympathetic nervous system

A

AChR at ganglion

NA-R -target tissue

28
Q

2 types of receptors that bind to acetylcholine

A

nicotonic

muscarinic

29
Q

nicotonic cholinergic receptors are found in …

A

Found on all postganglionic ANS cell bodies

30
Q

nicotonic cholinergic receptors are activated by ..

A

R activated by ACh released from preganglionic parasymp. or symp. nerves
R also activated by tobacco derivative nicotine

31
Q

are nicotonic cholingergic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

ionotropic - fast responses

depolarisation - fast - new impulse is transmitted

32
Q

target tissues of muscarinic cholinergic receptors

A

Found on effector cell membranes - smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

33
Q

nicotonic cholinergic receptors are activated by …

A

Binds ACh released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves
also activated by mushroom poison muscarine

34
Q

are muscarinic cholingergic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

A

metabotrophic receptor

5 types

35
Q

location and function of inhibitory muscarinic receptors

A

M2
Located on cardiac tissue
Receptor couples to increase K+ conductance, inhibit calcium channels
e.g. decrease heart contraction

36
Q

location and function of excitatory muscarinic receptors

A

M3
Located in digestive system
G protein couples to Ca2+ second-messenger system
e.g. Increase glandular secretions, increase GIT motility

37
Q

2 Classes of Adrenergic receptors that bind NA and AD

A

alpha - a1 and a2

Beta - B1, B2, B3

38
Q

A1 location

A

excitatory response

Located on most sympathetic target cells

39
Q

a1 function

A

G protein couples to Ca2+ second-messenger system

e.g. Increase contraction of arterioles → raised blood pressure

40
Q

a2 location

A

: inhibitory response

Located in digestive system

41
Q

a2 function

A

G protein couples to inhibit cyclic AMP system

e.g. decreased smooth muscle contraction → reduced GIT motility

42
Q

b1 location

A

Located in heart

43
Q

b1 function

A

excitatory
Couples via G protein to cyclic AMP/PKA
e.g. contraction of cardiac muscle → increased rate & force

44
Q

b2 location

A

Skeletal muscle (AD in blood), smooth muscle of some vessels & organs

45
Q

b2 function

A

inhibitory
Couples via G protein to cyclic AMP/PKA
e.g. relaxation of smooth muscle → bronchiolar dilation

46
Q

how is excess acetylcholine removed

A

destroyed by acetylcholinesterase

47
Q

how is excess noradrenaline removed

A

Re-uptake by pre- and post-synaptic cell then metabolized/re-cycled

48
Q

potential targets for Pharmacological intervention

A 
NERVE TERMINAL	
 Neurotransmitter release
POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
 Neurotransmitter-receptor interaction
NEUROTRANSMITTER EFFECT TERMINATION
 Neurotransmitter degradation
49
Q

how do drugs interfere with ANS

A

mimic agonist or inhibit antagonist ANS response and receptors

50
Q

function of atropine

A

Blocks muscarinic R
Blocks parasympathetic actions at effector tissues
Reduces salivary and bronchial secretion (e.g. during surgery

51
Q

example of muscarine antagonist

A

atropine

52
Q

adrenergic agonist

A

salbutamol

atenolol

53
Q

function of salbutamol

A

Activates b2 adrenergic receptors
Dilates bronchioles – treatment of asthma / COPD
Lask of effect at b1 means no effect on heart

54
Q

function of atenolol

A

Blocks b1 adrenergic receptors

CVS: Lowers blood pressure - treatment of hypertension

55
Q

example of autonomic function

A

Dysautonomia

56
Q

causes of Dysautonomia

A

Trauma,
Inflammation
Drugs
Neurodegenerative disease

57
Q

dysautonomia

A

deficiency of sympathetic activity to lesion /compression (trauma, tumor)

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