Intro to Neoplasia Flashcards
terminology
___ - new growth (benign or malignant)
___ - nonspecific lump or swelling
___ - any malignant neoplasm
- neoplasm
- tumor
- cancer
terminology - the ‘plasias’
hyperplasia - increase in the ___ of cellls
___ - adaptive substitution of one type of adult tissue to another
dysplasia - abnormal cellular proliferation with a loss of normal ___
anaplasia - loss of structural ___ (occurs frequently in tumors)
- number
- metaplasia
- architecture
- differentiation
terminology - the ‘omas’
carcinoma - malignant neoplasm of ___ epithelial cell origin (benign is ___ )
adenocarcinoma - malignant neoplasm of ___ tissue
sarcoma - malignant neoplasm of ___ tissues (bone muscle fat)
lymphoma and leukemia - malignant neoplasm of ___ tissues
melanoma - cancer of ___ producing cells ( ___ ) in the skin or eye
blastoma - malignancies in ___ cells ( ___) which are more common in children
teratoma - ___ cell neoplasm made of several different differentiated cell tissue/types
- squamous, papilloma
- glandular
- mesenchymal
- hematopoietic
- pigment, melanocytes
- precursor, blasts
- germ
a 6 month old boy is determined to have a systemic malignancy originating from precursor cells of the nervous system. The pathology report would state?
A) adenocarcinoma
B) neuroblastoma
C) leukemia
D) metastatic sarcoma
neuroblastoma
blood cancers: leukemias and lymhomas
leukemia is a cancer of the ___ blood cells of hematopoietic origin
white
general pathological staging of carcinomas
0: in situ - no sign of local invasion
I: microscopic invasion
II: 4-9 surrounding __ are involved
III: 10 or more are involved
IV: distant ___ are detected
Largely based on tumor ___ , ___ and ___ . Primarily only solid tumors get staged
- lymph nodes
- metastases
- size, location, number
T or F: staging does not always mean lethality
T
staging is simply a means to understand/stratify for treatments. While stages 3 and 4 usually mean poorer outcomes, it does not always mean lethality
stage 3 testicular cancer has a cure rat of > 70%
specific clinical staging system
TNM staging system
- Primary Tumor (T) (1-4, increasing in severity)
- Regional Lymph Nodes (N) (1-3, increasing in severity)
- Distant Metastasis (1, yes or no)
X = cannot be evaluated
0 = no evidence
Tis = tumor in situ, not cancer but could be potentially
Summary Staging
used by SEER program. Groups cancer into 5 main categories
1) ___ : abnormal cells are only in layer in which they developed
2) ___ : limited to the organ in which it began without spreading
3) ___: spread past primary site to nearby lymph nodes, tissues, and organs
4) ___ : cancer has spread from primary site to distant tissues, organs, or lymph nodes
5) unknown: not enough info
- in situ
- localized
- regional
- distant
as opposed to stage, tumor grading
grade - ___ of tumor assigned by a pathologist
- well-differentiated (G1) = looks like normal cells
- undifferentiated (G4) and poorly differentiated (G3) - abnormal looking cells that may lack normal structure, grow ___ than G1
very commonly seen in primary tumors in lethal locations
description
faster
cancer has 3 properties
1) uncontrolled cellular growth ( ___ tumors as well)
2) tissue ___
3) metastasis
cancer is unstable, atypical, and loses normal cellular function
- benign
- invasion
T or F
for many tumors, the growth of the primary tumor is not going to be life threatening
T
it’s the metastasis
Tumor Viruses: Is Cancer Contagious?
- RSV is a ___ that integrates into the genome and encodes for v-Src
- v-Src is an ___
- any gene in a healthy cell capable of promoting tumor growth is a ____
RSV = Rous Sarcoma Virus
- retrovirus
- oncogene
- proto-oncogene
Genetic Basis of Cancer
some cancers can result from mutation or deletion of a single potent ___
- these mutations run in families
Retinoblastoma
- childhood retinal cancer
- ___ hypothesis
- assumption that hereditary retinoblastoma has a single deletion already
- tumor suppressor
- 2 hit
RB1 is a ___
- most tumor suppressors can be expressed from either chromosome and will need to be ___ deletion/mutation
- ___ mutations can be inherited and families show ___ susceptibility to cancers
- also called a loss of ___
tumor suppressor
- homozygous
- heterozygous, increased
- heterozygosity
mechanism of cancer progression
T or F: often, just one mutation is enough to cause cancer on its own
FALSE
often, one mutation isnt sufficient to cause cancer on its own
most players can broadly be classified as ___ or ___ depending on whether they prevent or promote cancer.
doesnt tell much about molecular mechanisms
tumor suppressors, oncogenes
introduction to chemotherapy
tumors of the same classification can have a unifying ___ driver, but often do not
- 100% of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have bcr-abl translocation
- non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a very heterogeneous collection of cancers
treatmenrs are often determines empirically and often only affect a subset of patients with the same cancer classification
genetic
genetic basis of cancer
cancers often take 20 years or more to develop
- NSCLC in nonsmokers: median 888 mutations
- NSCLC in smokers: median 15,659 mutations
___ decrease time to develop cancer by increasing mutation rates
carcinogens
tumor suppressor mutations
___ of function mutations can predict susceptibilty to chemotherapies
“Synthetic Lethality”
loss
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are ___
- encode for proteins involved in DNA ___
- nonfunctional mutant alleles of BRCA 1/2 are inheritied as ___ mutations. Prevalent in Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.
- BRCA mutations in breast cancer increase susceptibility to ___ inhibitors
tumor suppressors
- repair
- germline
- PARP
Olaparib
Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor
- primarily for cancers with ___ mutations
- works by ___ PARP to DNA (unable to uncouple)
- also in this class: rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib, veliparib
- BRCA1/2
- trapping
cell cycle
G0 - not in the cycle yet
G1- accumulating building blocks required for division
S - Cell ___ DNA
G2 - Cell assembling machinery for chromosomal ___ and cytokinesis
M - mitosis
driven by ___ paired with cyclin-dependent kinases
___ point is the critical time point when cells decide whether or not to enter the cell cycle
- replicating
- segregation
- cyclins
- R (restriction)
inhibition of cyclin dependent kinases
cell cycle checkpoints - decision point where cell decides to proceed through the cell cycles
- G1 to S - signal? building blocks? unrepaired DNA damage?
- S to G2 - genome been replicated? errors?
- G2 to M - sister chromatid arms separated? mchinery assembled?
cell cycle checkpoints and common chemotherapies
G1 - mitogenic signaling
- ___ and ___ inhibitors
S - DNA replication
- anti- ___
- anti - ___
- ___ inhibitors
DNA damaging agents (non-cell cycle specific)
- ___ and ___
G2 - sister chromatid separation
- ___ inhibitors
M - chromosome segregation
- ___ inhibitors
- kinase, hormone
- metabolites, folates, topo1
- alkylators, intercalaters
- topo2
- microtubule
- proteins driving cell cycle can act as ____
- proteins halting cell cycle act as ___
- ___ is a tumor suppressor known as the gardian of the genome
- cyclin ___ and ____are master regulators of cell cycle initiation
- oncogenes
- tumor suppressors
- p53
- D, Cdk4,6
Palbociclib
___ kinase inhibitor
- arent targeted therapies bc they target all replicating cells
- SE: neutropenia, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting (similar to traditional chemos)
- approved for ___ mutations
- CDK4/6
- BRCA 1/2
would not work in someone with a Rb mutation bc thats downstream
