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Cardiovascular, Respiratory & Musculoskeletal Systems > Intro to musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Intro to musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

Middle section of a long bone

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2
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

End sections of a long bone

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3
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

Where the middle and the end of the long bone meet
- contains the growth plate (physis)

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4
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Contains bone marrow

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5
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

The continuous deposition and resorption of bone
- rate is influenced by hormones
- Forces like shear, tension and compression lead to remodeling

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6
Q

Hormones affecting rate of bone remodelling

A
  • PTH
  • Calcitonin
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7
Q

3x ways of classifying bones

A
  • topologically; location
  • formation/growth; endochondral or intramembranous
  • shape; long/short, sesamoids
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8
Q

LONG BONES

A
  • two ends
  • growth plates
  • compact and spongy bone
  • medullary cavity
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9
Q

SHORT BONES

A
  • as long as they are wide
  • compact and spongy bone
  • no medullary cavity
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10
Q

FLAT BONES

A
  • thin, wide flat
  • compact bone that surrounds spongy
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11
Q

SESAMOID BONES

A
  • found in tendons and ligaments
  • close to joints
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12
Q

What is apophysis?

A

protrusion that develops from independent ossification centre
- attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
- called tuberosity

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13
Q

What is a foramen?

A
  • opening in the bone
  • passages for nerves, blood vessels or muscles
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14
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Cave or depression in the bone
- accommodates muscles & other structures

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15
Q

Cranial bones

A
  • composed of mostly paired bones
  • ventral part of cranium, bones are endochondral
  • dorsal part of cranium, bones are intramembranous
  • many foramina for nerves and blood vessels
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16
Q

Mandibular bones

A
  • several foramina
  • mandibular foramen; inferior nerves
  • coronoid process; attaches temporalis
  • angular process; attaches masseter
  • masseteric and pterygoid fossae
  • body and ramus (vertical)
  • two mandibular bones joined at the symphysis
17
Q

Hyoid bones

A
  • series of bony rods
  • suspend the tongue and larynx
  • stylohyoid visible in the guttural pouch of horse
18
Q

Types of vertebrae

A
  • cervical; neck (7 in mammals)
  • thoracic; articulate with ribs
  • lumbar; lower back
  • sacral; fused together and articulate with pelvis
  • caudal; tail
19
Q

Between vertebrae

A
  • intervertebral discs between vertebrae
  • spinal nerves exit via intervertebral foramina
20
Q

Ribs

A
  • paired
  • dorsal part is bony ventral is cartilage
  • articulate with sternum directly or to cartilage of above ribs
  • cartilage of last rib may fail to connect; floating rib
21
Q

Sternum

A
  • Most cranial element is called manubrium
  • Xiphoid cartilage attaches to linea alba
22
Q

Pelvic limb

A
  • pelvic girdle
  • articulated with the sacrum dorsally
  • 3x bones (ilium, pubis, ischium)
  • fuse into one structure
23
Q

Leg bones

A
  • Femur; offset femoral head for articulation in the acetabulum
  • prominent trochanters for muscle attachments
  • Patella; sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon
24
Q

Birds skeleton differences

A
  • modified thoracic limb; additional bone called the coracoid
  • Fusion of many bones for strength and weight reduction
  • Loss of teeth
  • Pneumatised bones, air sacs in the medullary cavity
  • Medullary cavity; important calcium reservoir to calcify egg shells
25
Q

Reptile skeleton

A
  • less bone remodelling
  • elastic cartilage in skull, movement between bones
  • have coracoid
  • vertebrae (presacral, sacral and caudal)
  • epiphysis don’t close
26
Q

Types of muscle

A
  • smooth; involuntary
  • striated; voluntary
  • cardiac
27
Q

Striated muscle

A
  • contains many fascicles enclosed in epimysium
  • fascicles consist of many muscle cells bound in perimysium
  • many mitochondria
  • many contractile myofilaments in interlocking arrangement
28
Q

What is the fascia?

A
  • Collective term for the connective tissues
  • endomysium
  • perimysium
    -epimysium
29
Q

What are Sharpey fibres?

A

when muscles attach directly to bone collagen fibres continue as sharpey fibres

30
Q

Tendons

A
  • collagen fibre bundles in a regular arrangement
  • primary, secondary and tertiary bundles
  • low metabolic needs
31
Q

Tendon sheaths and bursae

A
  • sacs or tubes containing cavities filled with synovial fluid and with synovial lining
  • protect against pressure and friction
32
Q

Types of ligaments

A
  • white ligaments; rich in collagen fibres
  • yellow ligaments; lots of elastic fibres
33
Q

Pennate Muscles

A
  • fascicles insert at an angle to the central tendon
  • more fibres beside each other more force generated
  • pennation angle changes as muscle shortens
34
Q

Types of muscle shapes

A
  • Parallel
  • Pennate (uni-, bi-, multi-)
    -circular
35
Q

Parallel muscles

A
  • fibres are parallel with each other and the line of action
  • pennation angle is 0 degrees
  • more fibres packed in series, more shortening
36
Q

Types of muscles fibre contraction

A
  • Concentric; muscle shortens
  • Eccentric; muscle lengthens
  • Isometric; muscle stays same length
37
Q

Agonist/ antagonist

A
  • antagonistic pairs
  • agonist is the prime mover
  • antagonist opposes that movement
  • Synergist, modifies the action of the agonist

Cardiovascular, Respiratory & Musculoskeletal Systems (20 decks)

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