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Cardiovascular, Respiratory & Musculoskeletal Systems > Histology of musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Histology of musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A
  • contains glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans
  • hydrated gel-filling spaces
  • reservoir; interstitial fluid
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2
Q

Types of connective tissue fibres

A
  • Collagenous fibres; strong and flexible
  • Reticular fibres; type III collagen, delicate and branching
  • elastic fibres; elastin
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3
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary contraction
  • attached to bones and sphincters
  • entire muscle covered by epimysium
  • subdivided into fascicles and myofibres
  • fascicles covered by perimysium
  • myofibres surrounded by endomysium
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4
Q

Myofibre

A
  • a single cellular unit of skeletal muscle
  • multiple cells form one long tube
  • multinucleated
  • sarcolemma= cell membrane
  • peripheral nuclei
  • strongly eosinophilic sarcoplasm
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5
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

Type I; slow twitch. Lots of capillaries and mitochondria; redder in colour less forceful contractions for longer
Type II; fast twitch. Fewer mitochondria; paler colour

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6
Q

Z-line

A

site of attachment of actin fibres

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7
Q

M-line

A

site of attachment of myosin

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8
Q

H- band

A

section where only myosin present
- pale with dark M-line

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9
Q

I- band

A

only actin is present
-pale with dark z-line

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10
Q

A-band

A

overlapping actin and myosin
- dark region

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11
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary contraction
  • myocytes NOT fibres are spindle-shaped
  • no striation
  • centrally located nuclei & cigar shaped
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12
Q

Function of bone

A
  • shape and support
  • protection
  • mineral storage
  • development & storage of blood cells
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13
Q

Bone structure

A
  • hardness; matrix of hydroxyapatites
  • strength; collagen
  • dynamic
  • bone structure is unrelated to mode of development
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14
Q

Periosteum

A
  • lines outer surface of all bones
  • outer fibrous layer
  • inner osteogenic layer
  • important role in bone remodelling and fracture repair
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15
Q

Osteoid

A
  • extracellular matrix
  • 25% water, 25% protein, 50% mineral salts
  • organic components; glycosaminoglycans
  • inorganic components; hydroxyapatite
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16
Q

Name different types of bone cells

A
  • Osteogenic cell
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoclast
17
Q

Osteogenic cells

A
  • stem cells that form osteoblasts
  • osteogenic layer in the periosteum
18
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • produces osteoid (bone matrix)
  • flat; inactive
  • teardrop shape; active
  • cannot divide
19
Q

Osteocyte

A
  • maintains osteoid matrix
  • most abundant
  • communicate via stellate process
  • cannot divide
20
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • from hematopoietic cells
  • monocyte lineage
  • recycles osteoid
  • multinucleated
  • cannot divide
21
Q

Types of bone

A

1) Woven (immature); more osteocytes, rapid growth and repair
2) Lamellar (mature); less osteocytes, more organised collagen fibres
2a) Compact bone; dense deposits of matrix
2b) Spongy bone; delicate 3D latticeworks
deposits of matrix

22
Q

Compact bone

A
  • found along outer surface especially diaphysis
  • structural unit is an osteon; converts mechanical force into biochemical stimuli
  • Haversian canal; central canal for nerves & blood vessels
  • lamellae; concentric layers around central canal
  • lacunae; spaces between lamellae, osteocytes
  • canaliculi; small channels, osteocytes stellate processes
  • cement layer; outer limit of osteon
  • Volkman canal; transverse connection between adjacent canals
23
Q

Trabecular Bone

A

metaphysis & epiphysis
- transmits forces from joints to compact bone
- reservoir for calcium & other minerals
- lined by endosteum
- similar structure to compact bone but without central canals
- surrounded by marrow

24
Q

Cartilage cells

A
  • perichondrium lines cartilage except at articular surfaces; outer fibrous, inner chondrogenic layers
  • chondroblasts; extracellular matrix become chondrocytes in lacunae
  • matrix has more sulfated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are bound to collagen fibrils
  • chondrocytes can divide in growing cartilage
  • 2-3 daughter chondrocytes= isogenic group
25
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • the most common type of cartilage
  • glassy appearance of matrix
  • matrix is semi-solid
  • contains type II collagen fibrils
  • Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, water
26
Q

Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?

A

developing vertebrate skeleton, epiphyseal discs, articular cartilages, joints, ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, growth plates

27
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • matrix contains meshwork of elastic fibres
  • found in external ear, epiglottis and larynx
28
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • layers of hyaline matrix and dense collagen fibres
  • type I collagen for strength
  • groupings of chondrocytes
  • found in intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments, cardiac skeleton, aponeuroses
29
Q

Functions of the growth plate

A
  • bone is vascular but osteoblasts and osteocytes cannot divide
  • cartilage has no blood vessels but chondrocytes can divide by mitosis
  • growth of bones via orderly progression from precursor cartilage at physes.
30
Q

Zones and structure of growth plates

A
  • Zone of reserve cartilage; supplies cells to proliferating layer. Small chondrocytes, lots of matrix
  • Zone of proliferation; flattened dividing chondrocytes forms columns
  • Zone of hypertrophy; no cell division, cells swell, less matrix. Hypertrophic chondrocytes die due to lack of blood supply
  • Zone of calcification; matrix mineralises, blood vessels enter it. Osteoblasts use template to produce osteoid

Cardiovascular, Respiratory & Musculoskeletal Systems (20 decks)

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