Anatomy of joints & ligaments Flashcards
Function of joints
To permit limited movement
Transfer forces from one bone to another
Structural classification of joints
- fibrous; united by fibrous tissue
- cartilaginous; united by hyaline or fibrocartilage
- synovial; united by synovial joint capsule
Functional classification of joints
- Synarthrosis; immovable
- Amphiarthrosis; only slight movement
- Diarthrosis; freely moving
7 types of synovial joint
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- ellipsoid
- ball and socket
- saddle
Plane joint
Two flat surfaces
No rotation; translational
Hinge joint
- Cylindrical surface and receiving surface
- Rotational in one plane
Pivot joint
- Peg fitted within a ring
- Rotational movement around eachother
Condylar joint
Two knuckle-shaped condyles with complementary concave surfaces
- rotation around the transverse axis
Ellipsoidal joint
Convex surface with a corresponding concave surface
- ovoid shaped
- rotation and translation in two planes
Saddle joint
- two fitting surfaces
- one maximally convex the other concave
- translation and rotation depends on shape
Ball and socket joint
- ball and cup shape
- 3 rotational degrees of freedom
- up to 6 dof total
Flexion and Extension
Rotation around the mediolateral axis
- flexion; lessens joint angle
- extension; increases the joint angle
Abduction and adduction
Rotation around craniocaudal axis
- abduction; taking away from midline
- adduction; bringing towards midline
Pronation and supination
Rotation around the proximodistal axis
- pronation; lateral surface rotated inwards
- supination; medial surface rotated outwards
Circumduction
Flexion-extension + Abduction-adduction
Glenohumeral joint
- shoulder
- ball and socket, between a glenoid cavity and humeral head
- no collateral ligaments
- sulcus (intertubular groove); guides bicep brachii tendon
- transverse humeral ligament holds tendon in intertubular groove
- in horses and cattle; intertubular bursa between tendon and sulcus
Humeroradioulnar joint
- elbow
- hinge joint, allows flexion & extension
- joint capsule encloses all three articular parts
- humeral condyle, head of radius, ulna
- trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humeral condyle
-lateral and medial collateral ligaments
Proximal radioulnar joint
Additional joint between radius and ulna
- fused in horses and ruminants
- allows supination of manus
The three carpal joints
- Antebrachiocarpal joint
- Middle carpal joint
- Carpometacarpal joint
Antebrachiocarpal joint
- between the radius & ulna and the proximal row of carpal bones
- lots of movement
- shares joint capsule with the distal radioulnar joint in carnivores and pigs
Middle carpal joint
between two rows of carpal bones
- communicates with carpometacarpal joint
Carpometacarpal joint
- Between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals
- Very little movement
Ligaments of carpal joints
- lateral and medial collateral ligaments
- intercarpal joints & ligaments
- intermetacarpal joints
Carpal canal
- carpal canal; formed by accessory carpal bone, dorsal carpal bones and flexor retinaculum and palmar carpal ligament
- tendons, nerves, synovial sheaths, blood vessels pass through carpal canal
Metacarpophalangeal joints
between proximal metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges
- hinge-type joint
- many ligaments attach to the proximal sesamoid bone
Phalangeal joints
between phalanges
- Proximal interphalangeal joint; between proximal and middle phalanges
- Distal interphalangeal joint; between middle and distal phalanges
- Middle and lateral collateral ligaments; restrict movement
Sacroiliac joint
- between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis
- relatively immovable
- combined cartilaginous and synovial joint; fibrocartilage unites surfaces
- tight joint capsule; reinforced by sacroiliac ligaments
- sacrotuberous ligament
Pelvic Symphysis
- between two coxae (hip bones)
- fibrocartilage
- replaced by bone in adult
Coxofemoral joint
Between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
- ball and socket joint; free movement
- no collateral ligaments
- intracapsular ligament
Two joints of the stifle
- Femoropatellar joint
- Tibiofemoral joint
Femoropatellar joint
- between the patella and the trochlear of femur
- the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament
- medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments attach the patella to the femur
Tibiofemoral joint
- between the femoral condyles and the tibia
- hinge-like joint
- wedge-shaped semilunar cartilages between the femoral condyles and tibia
- medial and lateral collateral ligaments
- Cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments are intra-articular ligaments that cross and stabilise the knee
Tibiofibular joint
Between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head
of the fibula
- differs between species
Temporomandibular joint
Between the condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones
- synovial condylar joint that can act as a sliding hinge
- lateral ligament
- articular disc between surfaces
Mandibular symphysis
Cartilaginous joint joining the left and right mandibular bones
Joints of the auditory ossicles
Synovial joints join the ossicles
There are ligaments holding the bones in
place
Joints of the hyoid apparatus
The hyoid bones are joined by synovial joints
- fibrous articulation with the skull
General joints of vertebral column
- cartilaginous joints; between intervertebral discs
and vertebral bodies - synovial joints; between caudal and cranial
articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral discs
Layers of fibrocartilage between vertebrae
- outer fibrous ring
- inner pulpy nucleus
Atlanto-occipital joint
The first vertebral joint between the occiput and atlas
- yes joint
- modified hinge type synovial joint
Atlantoaxial joint
- pivot type synovial joint
- between first two vertebrae
- no joint
Costovertebral joints
Between ribs and vertebrae
- head of each rib forms a ball-and-socket synovial
joint with the adjacent vertebrae
Sternocostal joints
Between the first 8 costal cartilages and the sternum
- pivot style synovial articulations
Costochondral junctions
Between the ribs and costal cartilages
- Fibrous connections
