Intro to MSK

Question 1

What are the layers of a Synovial Joint?

What is the articular cartilage made up of?

Answer 1

Joint Capsule: Fibrous Capsule and Synovial Membrane
Synovial Fluid
Articular cartilage between the two bones

*Note that the articular cartilage is made up of Hyalin Cartilage

Question 2

What are 6 types of a Synovial Joint? Give examples for each.

Answer 2

Pivot- uniaxial, a rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, which allows for rotation. Ex. Radioulnar Joint, which allows for pronation/supination.

Plane- Uniaxial, permit gliding or sliding movements. Ex. Acromioclavicular Joint.

Hinge- Uniaxial, permits flexion and extension only

Saddle- biaxial, saddle-shaped head permits movement in two different planes. Ex. Carpometacarpal Joint. (thumb)

Condyloid- Biaxial, permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumflexion. Ex. Metacarpophalangeal Joint. (punching knuckles)

Ball and Socket Joint- multiaxial, a rounded head fits into a concavity allowing for movement in multiple axes. Ex. Hip Joint. (Shoulder/Incus and Stapes)

Question 3

What are the 3 types of Joints?

Answer 3

Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous

Question 4

What kind of joint is the Atlantoaxial joint? What are its two subtypes?

Answer 4

Synovial Joint

Plane Synovial
Pivot Synovial

Question 5

What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints? Give examples for each.

Answer 5

Sutures- between bones of the skull
Gomphosi- teeth
Syndesmosis- Joins the radius and the ulna via the interosseous membrane.

Question 6

What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous Joints?

*Give 3 examples for the 1st one and only 1 example for the 2nd one.

Answer 6

Synchondrosis- temporary/not long lasting because this is where bones grow. Ex. Pubic Symphysis, Sternocostal, Hip Joint (bc articular cartilage is around the head of the femur)

Symphysis- Intervertebral discs between vertebrae

Question 7

Name the 3 kinds of joints found in the Radius-Ulna when they are articulated.

Answer 7

Cartilaginous at the olecranon process of the ulna

Synovial Joint- between the radius and ulna where they articulate proximally and inferiorly

Fibrous Joint- Interosseous membrane between the two

Question 8

Why do arteries have thicker walls than veins?

Answer 8

Because they carry blood away from the heart so they ,ist have a thicker tunica media to do this

Question 9

What is smaller in veins compared to arteries? How do veins carry blood back to the heart?

Answer 9

Tunica Media is thinner

Skeletal muscles contract to push blood towards the heart. Note valves play a role here too, but mostly skeletal muscles

Question 10

What is the purpose of the lymphatic circulation?

Answer 10

To remove surplus tissue fluid

Create and store lymphocytes (wbc’s)

Question 11

What are the 3 lymphoid organs?

Answer 11

Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils

Question 12

What kind of cells are Glial Cells?

Answer 12

Support cells

Question 13

What is the function of Astrocytes?

Answer 13

Create the blood brain barrier

Question 14

What is the function of Oligodendroglia and Neurolemma cells?

Answer 14

To Myelinate Axons

*Note that Neurolemma are Schwann cells

Question 15

What composes the CNS?

Answer 15

Brain and Spinal cord

Question 16

What composes the PNS?

Answer 16

Anything that is not CNS and the brain. This includes Cranial Nerves**

Question 17

What is the function of microglia cells?

Answer 17

Phagocytic cells

Question 18

What is the function of Ependyma cells?

Answer 18

To produce CSF

Question 19

What is the difference between the Ganglion and the Nucleus?

Answer 19

Ganglion- outside the CNS

Nucleus- Inside the CNS

Question 20

Describe the Peripheral Organization of the Nerve.

Answer 20

Axon
Covered by Myelin (from Neurolemma AKA Schwann cells)
Endoneurium
Covered by Fascicle
Covered by Perineum
Covered by Epineurium
Peripheral Nerve

Question 21

What are the 3 layers described in this powerpoint for the spinal and cranial Meninges in the CNS?

Answer 21

Pia Mater- most internal layer (CSF is above this)
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater (most external)