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XXXMSK > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoskeletal filaments are ___ and ____

A

Dynamic and Adaptable

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2
Q

Describe the stability of the cytoskeletal filaments when one protofilament needs to be broken opposed to multiple protofilaments arranged in a sheet.

A

One protofilament only needs to have one bond broken to remove a piece or break it down the middle, therefore it is thermally unstable

A sheet of protofilaments has multiple bonds all around it that must be broken in order to be disassembled, therefore it is thermally stable

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3
Q

What does staggering do to the strength of the cytoskeletal filaments?

A

Staggering increases the strength because it allow for more bending and twisting

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4
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Cytoskeletal filaments? Describe the subunits for each kind.

A

Microfilaments- G or F actin monomers (smallest)
Microtubules- Alpha or Beta Tubulin Dimers
Intermediate Filaments- Lamin

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5
Q

Where are Intermediate Filaments generally found?

What do they bind to?

A

Anchored to the plasma membrane at the cell-cell junctions

They bind to microtubules, actin filaments, and cell-junctions

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6
Q

Intermediate filaments form mesh-like structures called ____ ____

A

Nuclear Lamina

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7
Q

Describe the structure of an intermediate filament.

A

It has a staggered tetramer of two coiled dimers

Monomers -> Dimers -> Tetramers
Staggered means The NH2 and COOH head and tail are arranged slightly apart for the two filaments

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8
Q

What is the disease that is caused by mutations in the nuclear lamina causing nuclear pores to form?

A

Progeria- increased cellular aging

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9
Q

Microtubules are critical for the ____ in all eukaryotic cells. What 2 structures are they particularly found in?

What do they form during mitosis?

A

Organization

Major players in cilia and flagella

Form the mitotic spindle used for chromosome segregation

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10
Q

What are the subunits for microtubules?

Where do they arrange themselves during proliferation? What about for catastrophe?

A

Alpha and Beta Tubulin dimers

Proliferation- Positive end
Catastrophe- Negative end

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11
Q

What is the role of the y-subunit in microtubules?

A

Begins nucleation (proliferation) of microtubules at the negative end and grows in the positive direction

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12
Q

What is the role of Taxol and what type of cytoskeletal filaments does it affect?

A

Binds and stabilizes microtubules, therefore preventing any cell growth or disassembly

This is a chemotherapeutic agent because it affects rapidly dividing cells the most

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13
Q

What are the roles of Colchicine and Vinblastine and what type of cytoskeletal filaments does it affect?

A

Binds to tubulin dimers and prevents their polymerization

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14
Q

What are the 4 main roles of microfilaments? What are its subunits?

A

Locomotion
Phagocytosis
Cell Division
Contraction

G-actin monomers and F-actin filaments

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15
Q

Describe the structure of Actin filaments.

A

G-actin/F-actin monomers attach to form a protofilament that has a plus and a minus end

The minus end is Actin bound to ADP, the plus end is Actin bound to ATP (Require ATP to bind to the plus end and allow for polymerization)

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16
Q

What is the role of Phalloidin and what kind of filament does it affect?

A

Binds and stabilizes Actin filaments, therefore preventing any polymerization or destruction

17
Q

What is the role of Cytochalasin and what kind of filament does it affect?

A

Caps the actin filaments plus end, therefore preventing polymerization

18
Q

What is the role of Latrunculin and what kind of filament does it affect?

A

Binds to Actin monomers individually before they attach to the actin filament and it prevents their polymerization

19
Q

What provides strength in tendons, rigidity in teeth and bones, and cushioning in cartilage?

A

Extracellular Matrix and Basal Lamina, because its composition and properties are controlled and vary by the tissue type and location it is found

20
Q

What is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix, connective tissue, and basal lamina?

A

Collagen

21
Q

What are 4 locations within the cell that collagen plays major roles in?

A

Rough ER
Lumen of ER
Golgi Apparatus
Secretory Vesicles

22
Q

What is the protein that is lossed that causes scurvy?

A

Collagen

The cofactor Iron Ascorbate, which you get from eating fruits, is lossed, therefore you cannot form Prolyl Hydroxylase, which is required to form collagen within the lumen of the ER

23
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of Scurvy?

A 
Wounds re-opening
Body falls apart
Loss of teeth
Pale Skin
Sunken Eyes
24
Q

What causes Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome?

A

A mutation in collagen or the synthesis of collagen genes]

This causes a weakness in the connective tissue of the skin, bones, blood vessels, and organs

25
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular connections/junctions?

A

Anchoring Junctions (binds cells together)
Occluding Junctions (link cells together- prevents passage of material)
Channel-Forming Junctions (ions crossing from one cell to another)
Signal-Relaying Junctions (neurons firing onto eachother)

26
Q

What are the 4 main Cell Adhesion Molecules?

A

Cadherins (E-Cadherin, E for Epithelium)
Ig-Superfamily (NCAM, N for Neural)
Integrins
Selectins

27
Q

What are the 2 types of Cadherins?

What is the main function of Cadherins

A

Classic Cadherins- Calcium dependent, linked to the actin cytoskeleton

Atypical Cadherins- Interact with catenins or Actin Cytoskeleton

Cadherins form junctions between cells

28
Q

What is Epithelia to Mesenchymal Transition?

A

EMT is a transition from E-Cadherins to N-Cadherins. In other words, E-Cadherins decrease and N-Cadherins increase.

This occurs in transitional bladder cancer and causes an increase in the invasiveness of the tumor cells and metastatic potential

29
Q

Describe the function of Ig Superfamily CAMs. Note the different kinds

A

Calcium INDEPENDENT

Used in immune cell interactions between cells for recognition, binding, and adhesion processes of cells

Different kinds are ICAM and VCAM

30
Q

What is the function of Selectins?

Note the 3 different types.

A

Calcium Dependent glycoproteins that bind to extracellular carbohydrates and play an important role in the Leukocyte Adhesion cascade by allowing for the rolling process to occur

Types are:
Endothelial (E-Selectin)
Leukocyte (L-Selectin)
Platelet (P-Selectin)

31
Q

What are the 3 functions of Integrins?

A

These couple the Extracellular Matrix to the Cytoskeleton
Ex. Fibronectin, Collagen, Laminin, Vitronectin

Activate Signaling pathways by interacting with Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

Allow for the adhesion of leukocytes and transmigration to affected sites

XXXMSK (15 decks)

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