Intro to Microbiology Flashcards
The first to use a lens to observe the smallest unit of
tissues he called “cells”
Robert Hooke
The first person to observe and accurately
describe microorganisms (bacteria & protozoa)
called “animalcules” (little animals)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
States that life arose from nonliving matter
Theory of spontaneous generation
Father of handwashing
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Infection control
Handwashing
Father of modern epidemiology
John snow
Demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products
Louis Pasteur
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation/ abiogenesis (life can arise spontaneously from non-
living materials)
Louis Pasteur
Heating liquids to - for 30 minutes
63 - 65°C
Heating liquids to _ for 15 seconds
73 - 75°C
Type of sterilization, only kills pathogens
Pasteurization
Specific microbes cause specific infectious
diseases
Germ theory of disease
Germ theory of disease help developed vaccines to prevent
Chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas
Made many significant contributions to the
germ theory of disease
Robert Koch
Bacteriums discovered by Robert Koch
m. tuberculosis, vibrio cholerae
Robert Koch Discovered that ___ produces spores, capable of resisting adverse conditions
B. anthracis
First proposed the use of agar in culture media
Fanne Eilshemius Hesse
Developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used
for solid culture
Richard petri
Provided the initial evidence that some of the
microbes in dust and air have very high heat
resistance and that particularly vigorous
treatment is required to destroy them
John Tyndall
Aseptic techniques using physical & chemical
agents
Joseph lister
Vaccination , smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
Phagocytic theory of immunity
Elie metchnikoff
Developments of chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich
the first antibiotic penicillin
Alexander flemming
Streptomycin
Seaman Waksman
Is an area of biologic science that compromises three distinct but highly interest interrelated disciplines
Taxonomy
3 interrelated disciplines of taxonomy
Classification, nomenclature (naming), and identification of organisms
method of classification that combines the
traditional genotypic, phenotypic, & phylogenetic
or evolutionary relationships into a general
purpose classification system
Polyphasic taxonomy
Provides a more detailed but very complex analysis of the current classification system
Polyphasic taxonomy
A method for organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits
Classification
Contain the environmental prokaryotes und the heterotrophic medically relevant bacteria
Bacteria
Are environmental isolates that live in extreme environments
Archaea
Example of extreme environments archaea lives in
High salt concentrations, jet fuel, or extreme temperatures
Contains medically relevant organisms including fungi and parasites
eukarya
Eukarya is also known as
True nucleus
is the most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species.
Species
Taxonomic subgroups within species
Subspecies
Further may be given to groups below the subspecies level that share specific but relatively minor characteristics
Biotype, serotype, genotype
Considered the same species with the same genetic makeup but displays differential physiologic characteristics
Biotype
Two name system of nomenclature, every organism is assigned a genus and a species of Latin or Greek derivation
Binomial
In which the first letter is always capitalized
Genus designation
In which the first letter is always lowercase
Species designation
Naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines
Nomenclature
naming of microorganisms according
to established rules and guidelines is set forth in the
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
(ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC).
Is the process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated
Microbial identification
Relate to an organism’s generic makeup, including the nature of the organisms genes and constituent nucleic acids
Genotypic characteristics
based on features beyond the genetic level,
including both readily observable characteristics
and features that may require extensive analytic
procedures to be detected.
Phenotypic characteristics
The microbial growth patterns on artificial media as observed when inspected with the unaided eye, examples include the size, texture, plomentation of bacterial colonies
Macroscopic morphology
The size, shape, intracellular inclusions, cellular appendages, and arrangement of cells when observed
Microscopic morphology
The ability or an organism to reproducibly stain a particular color with the application of specific dyes and reagents, used in conjunction with microscopic morphology
Staining characteristics
The ability of an organism to grow at various temperatures, in the presence of oxygen and other gases, at various pH levels, or in the presence of other ions and salts such as NaCl
Environmental requirements
The ability of an organism to utilize various carbon und nitrogen sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environmental conditions
Nutritional requirements
The exhibition of a characteristic inherent resistance to specific antibionis, heavy metals, or toxins
Resistance profiles
The profiles of microorganisms established by various serologic and immunologic methods to determine relatedness among various microbial groups
Antigenic properties
Molecular constituents of the cell that are typical of a particular taxon, or organism group, as established by various analytic methods
Subcellular properties
Some examples include cell wall components, components of the cell membrane, and enzymatic content of the microbial cell
Subcellular properties
The chemical constituents of the cell, such as the structure of teichoic acids, fatty acid analysis, and protein profiles, as determined by analytical methods
chemotaxonomic properties
The extent to which the DNA from two organisms is made up of cytosine and guanine relative to their total base content can be used as an indicator of relatedness or lack thereof
DNA base composition ratio
Growth of microbiota in or on a body site without
the production of damage or notable symptoms
Colonization
Association of 2 organisms living together;
organisms are called
symbionts
This relationship could either be describe also as mutualism wherein both organisms benefit from each other
Symbiosis
example of symbiosis found in the female genitourinary tract; this bacteria is responsible for maintaining the vaginal pH
Lactobacilli
Relationship where one organism benefits but the
other is neither harm nor benefited; no harm
Commensalism
considered as commensal species in the gastrointestinal tract. This species is benefiting from living in the tract but its not causing harm to human body (unless immunocompromised)
Proteus mirabilis
Relationhip where one organism is being harmed
and the other benefits
Parasitism
An example of parasitism wherein it causes
ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract in its colonization
Entamoeba histolytica
Microorganisms that are commonly found on or in
body sites of healthy persons
Indigenous Microbial Biota
Colonizes for a long time
Resident microbiota
Temporary; come to visit but do not stay
Transient microbiota
Ability of a microbe to produce disease in an
individual
Pathogenicity
Are organisms recognized to cause disease in
healthy immuno-competent individuals as high
percentage all the time
True pathogens
Example of true pathogen, you can get anthrax whether you are immuno-competent or not
Bacillus anthrasis
Opportunistic infections, can only cause disease when the immune system is compromised
Opportunists
Harbors the organism but do not present
symptoms to the disease cause by these
organisms; can only transmit
Carriers
Short lived or transient carrier state
Acute
Objects or inanimate objects that are
contaminated with the infectious agents and may
transmit the disease as a result of contact
Fomites
animal diseases that can infect humans and are
transmitted through animal contact
Zoonoses
An infection that occurs as the result of medical
treatment or procedures
Iatrogenic infection
relative ability of a microorganism to cause
disease or the degree of pathogenicity. It is usually
measured by the numbers of microorganisms
necessary to cause infection in the host.
Virulence
Refers to the various mechanism that the organism
use to persist in the host and cause disease
Virulence factors
