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Clinical Bacteriology Lec > Intro to Microbiology > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

The first to use a lens to observe the smallest unit of
tissues he called “cells”

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

The first person to observe and accurately
describe microorganisms (bacteria & protozoa)
called “animalcules” (little animals)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

States that life arose from nonliving matter

A

Theory of spontaneous generation

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4
Q

Father of handwashing

A

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

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5
Q

Infection control

A

Handwashing

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6
Q

Father of modern epidemiology

A

John snow

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7
Q

Demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

Disproved theory of spontaneous generation/ abiogenesis (life can arise spontaneously from non-
living materials)

A

Louis Pasteur

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9
Q

Heating liquids to - for 30 minutes

A

63 - 65°C

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10
Q

Heating liquids to _ for 15 seconds

A

73 - 75°C

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11
Q

Type of sterilization, only kills pathogens

A

Pasteurization

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12
Q

Specific microbes cause specific infectious
diseases

A

Germ theory of disease

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13
Q

Germ theory of disease help developed vaccines to prevent

A

Chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas

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14
Q

Made many significant contributions to the
germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch

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15
Q

Bacteriums discovered by Robert Koch

A

m. tuberculosis, vibrio cholerae

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16
Q

Robert Koch Discovered that ___ produces spores, capable of resisting adverse conditions

A

B. anthracis

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17
Q

First proposed the use of agar in culture media

A

Fanne Eilshemius Hesse

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18
Q

Developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used
for solid culture

A

Richard petri

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19
Q

Provided the initial evidence that some of the
microbes in dust and air have very high heat
resistance and that particularly vigorous
treatment is required to destroy them

A

John Tyndall

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20
Q

Aseptic techniques using physical & chemical
agents

A

Joseph lister

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21
Q

Vaccination , smallpox vaccine

A

Edward Jenner

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22
Q

Phagocytic theory of immunity

A

Elie metchnikoff

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23
Q

Developments of chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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24
Q

the first antibiotic penicillin

A

Alexander flemming

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25
Q

Streptomycin

A

Seaman Waksman

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26
Q

Is an area of biologic science that compromises three distinct but highly interest interrelated disciplines

A

Taxonomy

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27
Q

3 interrelated disciplines of taxonomy

A

Classification, nomenclature (naming), and identification of organisms

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28
Q

method of classification that combines the
traditional genotypic, phenotypic, & phylogenetic
or evolutionary relationships into a general
purpose classification system

A

Polyphasic taxonomy

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29
Q

Provides a more detailed but very complex analysis of the current classification system

A

Polyphasic taxonomy

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30
Q

A method for organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits

A

Classification

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31
Q

Contain the environmental prokaryotes und the heterotrophic medically relevant bacteria

A

Bacteria

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32
Q

Are environmental isolates that live in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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33
Q

Example of extreme environments archaea lives in

A

High salt concentrations, jet fuel, or extreme temperatures

34
Q

Contains medically relevant organisms including fungi and parasites

A

eukarya

35
Q

Eukarya is also known as

A

True nucleus

36
Q

is the most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species.

A

Species

37
Q

Taxonomic subgroups within species

A

Subspecies

38
Q

Further may be given to groups below the subspecies level that share specific but relatively minor characteristics

A

Biotype, serotype, genotype

39
Q

Considered the same species with the same genetic makeup but displays differential physiologic characteristics

A

Biotype

40
Q

Two name system of nomenclature, every organism is assigned a genus and a species of Latin or Greek derivation

A

Binomial

41
Q

In which the first letter is always capitalized

A

Genus designation

42
Q

In which the first letter is always lowercase

A

Species designation

43
Q

Naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines

A

Nomenclature

44
Q

naming of microorganisms according
to established rules and guidelines is set forth in the

A

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
(ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC).

45
Q

Is the process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated

A

Microbial identification

46
Q

Relate to an organism’s generic makeup, including the nature of the organisms genes and constituent nucleic acids

A

Genotypic characteristics

47
Q

based on features beyond the genetic level,
including both readily observable characteristics
and features that may require extensive analytic
procedures to be detected.

A

Phenotypic characteristics

48
Q

The microbial growth patterns on artificial media as observed when inspected with the unaided eye, examples include the size, texture, plomentation of bacterial colonies

A

Macroscopic morphology

49
Q

The size, shape, intracellular inclusions, cellular appendages, and arrangement of cells when observed

A

Microscopic morphology

50
Q

The ability or an organism to reproducibly stain a particular color with the application of specific dyes and reagents, used in conjunction with microscopic morphology

A

Staining characteristics

51
Q

The ability of an organism to grow at various temperatures, in the presence of oxygen and other gases, at various pH levels, or in the presence of other ions and salts such as NaCl

A

Environmental requirements

52
Q

The ability of an organism to utilize various carbon und nitrogen sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environmental conditions

A

Nutritional requirements

53
Q

The exhibition of a characteristic inherent resistance to specific antibionis, heavy metals, or toxins

A

Resistance profiles

54
Q

The profiles of microorganisms established by various serologic and immunologic methods to determine relatedness among various microbial groups

A

Antigenic properties

55
Q

Molecular constituents of the cell that are typical of a particular taxon, or organism group, as established by various analytic methods

A

Subcellular properties

56
Q

Some examples include cell wall components, components of the cell membrane, and enzymatic content of the microbial cell

A

Subcellular properties

57
Q

The chemical constituents of the cell, such as the structure of teichoic acids, fatty acid analysis, and protein profiles, as determined by analytical methods

A

chemotaxonomic properties

58
Q

The extent to which the DNA from two organisms is made up of cytosine and guanine relative to their total base content can be used as an indicator of relatedness or lack thereof

A

DNA base composition ratio

59
Q

Growth of microbiota in or on a body site without
the production of damage or notable symptoms

A

Colonization

60
Q

Association of 2 organisms living together;
organisms are called

A

symbionts

61
Q

This relationship could either be describe also as mutualism wherein both organisms benefit from each other

A

Symbiosis

62
Q

example of symbiosis found in the female genitourinary tract; this bacteria is responsible for maintaining the vaginal pH

A

Lactobacilli

63
Q

Relationship where one organism benefits but the
other is neither harm nor benefited; no harm

A

Commensalism

64
Q

considered as commensal species in the gastrointestinal tract. This species is benefiting from living in the tract but its not causing harm to human body (unless immunocompromised)

A

Proteus mirabilis

65
Q

Relationhip where one organism is being harmed
and the other benefits

A

Parasitism

66
Q

An example of parasitism wherein it causes
ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract in its colonization

A

Entamoeba histolytica

67
Q

Microorganisms that are commonly found on or in
body sites of healthy persons

A

Indigenous Microbial Biota

68
Q

Colonizes for a long time

A

Resident microbiota

69
Q

Temporary; come to visit but do not stay

A

Transient microbiota

70
Q

Ability of a microbe to produce disease in an
individual

A

Pathogenicity

71
Q

Are organisms recognized to cause disease in
healthy immuno-competent individuals as high
percentage all the time

A

True pathogens

72
Q

Example of true pathogen, you can get anthrax whether you are immuno-competent or not

A

Bacillus anthrasis

73
Q

Opportunistic infections, can only cause disease when the immune system is compromised

A

Opportunists

74
Q

Harbors the organism but do not present
symptoms to the disease cause by these
organisms; can only transmit

A

Carriers

75
Q

Short lived or transient carrier state

A

Acute

76
Q

Objects or inanimate objects that are
contaminated with the infectious agents and may
transmit the disease as a result of contact

A

Fomites

77
Q

animal diseases that can infect humans and are
transmitted through animal contact

A

Zoonoses

78
Q

An infection that occurs as the result of medical
treatment or procedures

A

Iatrogenic infection

79
Q

relative ability of a microorganism to cause
disease or the degree of pathogenicity. It is usually
measured by the numbers of microorganisms
necessary to cause infection in the host.

A

Virulence

80
Q

Refers to the various mechanism that the organism
use to persist in the host and cause disease

A

Virulence factors

Clinical Bacteriology Lec (4 decks)

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