Intro to Kines

Question 1

The three cardinal planes of osteokinematics and the motions that occur in each of these planes are what?

Answer 1

1. Sagittal (Flex/Ext)
2. Frontal (Abd/Add, lateral flex, ulnar/radial deviation)
3. Horizontal (transverse) (IR/ER)

Question 2

What are the degrees of freedom of a uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial joint?

Answer 2

• Uniaxial joint- 1 DOF
• Biaxial joint- 2 DOF
• Triaxial joint- 3 DOF (Max DOF)

Question 3

A _______ kinetic chain movement is when the distal segment is fixed and the proximal segment is free to move. While a _______ kinetic chain movement is when the distal segment is free to move.

Answer 3

• Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC)

- Open Kinetic Chain (OKC)

Question 4

Osteokinematics or arthrokinematics describes the motion we visualize with movement.

Answer 4

Osteokinematics

Question 5

Osteokinematics or arthrokinematics describes the motion that occurs between the joint surfaces that you cannot visually see when observing.

Answer 5

arthrokinematics

Question 6

Why is convex-concave relationship helpful?

Answer 6

Increases surface area for dissipating contact forces

Question 7

Excessive joint play may result from injury of what?

Answer 7

Excessive joint play may be a result of a ligamentous injury or abnormal laxity

Question 8

Loss of translation can indicated what?

Answer 8

Stiffness

Question 9

Describe the kinematics Spin and give a joint example.

Answer 9

• Primary way bone rotates

- Examples: radius spins (rotates) on capitulum with pronation

Question 10

Describe the kinematics convex-concave rule. Which way is roll/spin and then glide?

Describe convex on concave
Describe concave on convex

Answer 10

• Direction of roll and/or spin is typically same direction as osteokinematics.
• Direction of glide is typically determined by convex-concave rule
  1. Convex on concave: arthrokinematics (glide) and osteokinematics move in the opposite direction (shoulder)
  2. Concave on convex: arthrokinematics (glide) and osteokinematics move in the same direction (knee)

Question 11

Based off the convex on concave rule; with the humerus moving on the glenoid fossa what would be the direction of the roll and glide for each of the following motions: (moving convex on concave)
o	Glenohumeral flexion
o	Glenohumeral extension
o	Glenohumeral abduction
o	Glenohumeral adduction

Answer 11

o Glenohumeral flexion - Ant roll/post glide
o Glenohumeral extension - post roll/ant glide
o Glenohumeral abduction - superior roll/inf glide
o Glenohumeral adduction - inf roll/sup glide

Question 12

Based off the convex on concave rule; with the tibia moving on the femoral condyle what would be the direction of the roll and glide for each of the following motions: (moving concave on convex)
o Tibiofemoral flexion
o Tibiofemoral extension

Answer 12

o Tibiofemoral flexion - Post roll and glide

o Tibiofemoral extension - Ant roll and glide

Question 13

Closed pack or loose pack position is maximal congruency with most ligaments and capsule taut with a stable joint.

Answer 13

Closed Pack

Question 14

Closed pack or loose pack position is usually least congruent near midrange with the ligaments and capsule on slack which allows for increased accessory movement

Answer 14

Loose pack

Question 15

Where we do our mobility assessments: Closed pack or loose pack position

Answer 15

Loose pack

Question 16

True/false: After strain in the elastic region is removed from a tissue it results in a permanent change in tissue length.

Answer 16

False: If stretched within the elastic region, tissue will return to original length

Question 17

Describe toe and linear region of elastic region of Stress-Strain curve

Answer 17

Toe - area must ne drawn taut before tension is measured

Linear - after slack is taken up; linear relationship between stress and strain

Question 18

Describe yield point and ultimate failure point of plastic region os Stress-Strain curve

Answer 18

Yield point: elongation occurs beyond physiologic range
Ultimate failure point: point where tissue is partially or completely separated (failure point for healthy tendon 8-13% beyond prestreched length)

Question 19

Viscoelastic tissues are _______ and _______ dependent.

Answer 19

Time and rate (low load and long duration)

Question 20

Tissues with high viscosity =

Answer 20

High resistance to deformation

Question 21

Elasticity depends on:

Answer 21

1. Collagen
2. Elastic content
3. Organization of tissue

Question 22

Creep is what? And what tissues is creep a part of?

Answer 22

Creep: progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time
-Properties of viscoelasticity

Question 23

Clinical application of rate-sensitive properties of viscoelastic tissues provides protection in the knee -

Answer 23

Increased rate of compression=increased stiffness in articular cartilage

Question 24

Internal forces -

Answer 24

Produced within body (active muscles or passive CT)

Question 25

External forces -

Answer 25

Produced by force outside the body (gravity, free weight)

Question 26

Moment (lever) arm -

Answer 26

perpendicular distance between axis of rotation of the joint and the force

Question 27

Torque (moment) =

Answer 27

(Force)(moment arm)

Question 28

Internal torque -

Answer 28

product of internal force and internal moment arm

Question 29

External torque -

Answer 29

product of the external force and external moment arm

Question 30

If internal torque is greater than external torque what happens?

Answer 30

Flexion at the elbow joint

Question 31

If internal torque is less than external torque what happens?

Answer 31

Extension at elbow joint

Question 32

If internal torque is equal to external torque what happens?

Answer 32

No movement

Question 33

In a first class lever where does the axis of rotation, internal torque, and external rotation sit in relationship to one another?

Answer 33

Axis of rotation = between opposing forces (C1 with skull)

Question 34

In a second class lever where does the axis of rotation, internal torque, and external rotation sit in relationship to one another?

Answer 34

Axis of rotation located at one end, resistance in middle and force at other end (calf producing torque to stand on tiptoes)

Question 35

In a third class lever where does the axis of rotation, internal torque, and external rotation sit in relationship to one another?

Answer 35

Axis at one end with the force in the middle and resistance at the opposite end (elbow flexors)

Question 36

True/False: Most muscles function at mechanical advantage of greater than 1

Answer 36

False: less than 1

Question 37

1st Class lever MA =/>?

Answer 37

Mechanical advantage 1

Question 38

2nd Class lever MA =/>?

Answer 38

Always MA > 1 - Magnitude of internal torque can be smaller than magnitude of external resistance - Small internal force can defeat larger external force

Question 39

3rd Class lever MA =/>?

Answer 39

Always MA <1 - Mechanically inefficient - Magnitude of internal force must always be greater than magnitude of the resistance force