Intro to Immunology - Hunter Flashcards
What is the number one public health concern on the planet?
Malnutrition
(blank) has prevented more illness and mortality than all other interventions combined.
Vaccination
How are infectious agents removed using innate immunity within 0-4 hours?
Agents recogniezed by non-specific and broadly specific effectors
Early induced innate response from 4-96 hours removes infectious agents how?
- Recognition of microbial-assocated molecular patterns
- Inflammation and recruitment of effector cells
- Removal of agent
Nearly all cells of the immune system stem from what system/structure?
Bone marrow
What more complicated type of immune response happens after innate immunity?
Adaptive
What type of immunity transports the antigen to lymphoid organs?
Adpative
Recognition by B and T cells happens in what type of immunity>
Adaptive
Describe the adaptive immune response?
- transport antigen to lymphoid organs
- recognition by B and T cells
- clonal expansion and differentiation of B/T into effectors
- removal of agent
(myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid) cell line is active in innate immunity
myeloid
which cell type handles viral infections in innate immunity?
NK cells
what are dr. hunter’s favorite cells?
MACROPHAGES
What is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
What is the function of eosinophils?
killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
what is the function of basophils?
controlling immune response to parasites
what is the function of macrophages?
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms; activation of T-cells and initiation of immune responses
what is the function of megakaryocytes?
platelet formation and wound repair
what is the function of erythrocytes>
oxygen transport
what is the function of dendritic cells?
activation of T-cells and initiation of ADAPTIVE immune response
what is the function of mast cells?
expulsion of parasites form body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
what is the function of monocytes?
circulating precursor to MACROPHAGES
What are the three differentiated types of lymphoid cells found in the tissues?
Plasma cells, effector T cells, and NK cells
What are the two types of lymphoid cells found in the blood?
B cells and T cells
What three types of myeloid cells are found in the tissues?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells
What are the four types of myeloid cells found in the blood?
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
T/F: erythroid cells are found in the tissues
False
what is the function of B-cells?
production of antibodies
what is the function of T-cells?
cytotoxic or helper functions
what is a plasma cell and what is its function?
fully differentiated b-cell that secretes antibodies
what is the funciton of NK cells?
kills cells infected with certain types of viruses
When IN UTERO, what organ is the site of hematopoiesis?
the LIVER!
what organ is the site of extramedullary hematopoesis?
The spleen
Where does normal hematopoeisis occur?
The bone marrow and thymus pre-puberty
What are the central lymphoid organs?
- Bone marrow
2. Thymus
What are the peripheral lymphoid tissues?
- lymphatic system
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- MALT
- Adenoids and tonsils
Where do T-cells mature? Where do they originate?
they mature in the thymus (T! - cell) but originate in the bone marrow
where do B-cells mature?
in the bone marrow (B! - cell)
What organ has the greatest blood flow in the body?
the spleen
the spleen deals with (blank) infections
blood
(blank) makes up 75% of the immune system and is the largest lymphoid tissue
MALT
Where do T-cells develop the ability to have self-non-self discrimination?
in the thymus
T-cells caused (blank) immune response
cell-mediated
B-cells cause (blank) immune response
antibody
T and B cells cause the actual immune response where?
in peripheral lymphoid organs
Where in the thymus are the dendritic cells?
medulla
T/F: macrophages are found the thymus medulla and cortex
True
Hassall’s corpuscle is in what part of the thymus?
medulla
what is the primary defense against pathogens that gain access to tissues?
lymph nodes
The paracortical area of a lymph node contains mostly what type of cell?
t-cell
The primary lymphoid follicle is made up of what type of cell?
B-cells
medullary cords within a lymph node contain what cell types?
macrophages and plasma cells?
What is the function of the primary lymphoid follicles (germinal centers)?
Production of antibodies
Lymphoid follicles are found where in the lymph node?
Outer cortex
The medullary cords of the lymph node have what function?
filter the blood and remove bacteria and debris (plasma cells and macrophages do this)
What is the primary defense against blood pathogens?
the spleen
If innate immunity fails, where will adaptive immunity begin?
In the spleen
What is the inheritance pattern of cogenital apslenia?
autosomal dominant
What imaging technique do you use to image the blood flow to organs to determine if an organ is missing?
Scintillation scanning
Asplenic patients have an increased susceptibility to (blank) bacteria like H. influenzae
encapsulated
Asplenic patients can develop complications such as (blank and blank) to bacterial infections
meningitis and pneumonia
Where do the vast majority of pathogens gain access?
the mucosal surfaces
MALT includes what other two types of mucosal tissues?
BALT and GALT
MALT has a similar function to (blank and blank)
lymph nodes and spleen
What unique type of cell is found in MALT?
M-CELLS (antigen presenting cells!)
What tonsils make up Waldeyer’s ring?
Adenoids, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils
What is the response time for innate immunity?
hours
Is the recognition of bugs in innate immunity encoded by the genome?
Yes, this is called FIXED
Does innate immunity recognize individual bugs or “patterns” of pathogens?
Patterns, therefore limited number of specificities can be identified
Does the efficacy of the recognition mechanism of innate immunity improve over the course of the response?
NO
What is the response time for adaptive immunity?
days to weeks
Is the recognition of bugs in adaptive immunity encoded by the genome?
NO, it is VARIABLE
Does adaptive immunity recognize individual bugs or “patterns” of pathogens?
No, it recognizes SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
Does the efficacy of the recognition mechanism of adaptive immunity improve over the course of the response?
Yes!
List some of the factors involved in innate immunity?
- epithelial barriers
- anti-microbial enzymes and peptides
- complement system
- macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils,
- pattern recognition receptors
- inflammation
- cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and acute phase proteins
- Interferons and NK cells
List the 6 receptors found on macrophages?
- mannose
- LPS CD14
- scavenger
- glucan
- TLR2
- TLR4
What cell type forms the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?
Dendritic cells
Can you have an adapative immune response without an innate response?
NO
What three types of communication does the immune system use?
Endocrine, paracrine, and cell to cell contact
How are cells directed to function by the immune system?
combinations of different signals yields different responses.
What are the three major antigen presenting cells?
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes
What is the general function of adaptive immunity?
recognize antigens presented by the APC’s
on what part of the antibody is the antigen binding site?
the light chain
is the light chain or heavy chain constant?
heavy chain
How many types of light chains are there per antibody?
two
how many types of heavy chains are there per antibody?
one
how many types of chains are there in t-cell receptors and what are they called?
2 types, alpha and beta
what is the concept of clonal deletion?
self-reactive immature lymphocytes are destroyed
What is the concept of clonal selection?
When a b-cell divides, one clone is used to fight the immediate infection while the other becomes a memory cell for long-term protection. BUT, not all the clones have the same receptors, so only the clones whose receptors were activated are SELECTED to proliferate.
Once we have memory B-cells, do we get reinfected with the same bug?
No, infection is subclinical and resolved quickly.
A deficient immune response to antigens from an infectious agent will lead to (blank)
recurrent infection
A normal immune response to antigens from an innocuous substance leads to (blank)
allergies
A normal immune response to antigens from a grafted organ leads to
rejection
A normal immune response to antigens from your own organs leads to (blank)
autoimmune disorders
A deficient immune response to antigens from a tumor leads to (blank)
cancer
