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Block 6 Week 1 Colt > Intro to Immunology - Hunter > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology - Hunter Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number one public health concern on the planet?

A

Malnutrition

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2
Q

(blank) has prevented more illness and mortality than all other interventions combined.

A

Vaccination

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3
Q

How are infectious agents removed using innate immunity within 0-4 hours?

A

Agents recogniezed by non-specific and broadly specific effectors

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4
Q

Early induced innate response from 4-96 hours removes infectious agents how?

A
  1. Recognition of microbial-assocated molecular patterns
  2. Inflammation and recruitment of effector cells
  3. Removal of agent
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5
Q

Nearly all cells of the immune system stem from what system/structure?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What more complicated type of immune response happens after innate immunity?

A

Adaptive

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7
Q

What type of immunity transports the antigen to lymphoid organs?

A

Adpative

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8
Q

Recognition by B and T cells happens in what type of immunity>

A

Adaptive

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9
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. transport antigen to lymphoid organs
  2. recognition by B and T cells
  3. clonal expansion and differentiation of B/T into effectors
  4. removal of agent
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10
Q

(myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid) cell line is active in innate immunity

A

myeloid

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11
Q

which cell type handles viral infections in innate immunity?

A

NK cells

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12
Q

what are dr. hunter’s favorite cells?

A

MACROPHAGES

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13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

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14
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents

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15
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A

controlling immune response to parasites

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16
Q

what is the function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms; activation of T-cells and initiation of immune responses

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17
Q

what is the function of megakaryocytes?

A

platelet formation and wound repair

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18
Q

what is the function of erythrocytes>

A

oxygen transport

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19
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells?

A

activation of T-cells and initiation of ADAPTIVE immune response

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20
Q

what is the function of mast cells?

A

expulsion of parasites form body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

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21
Q

what is the function of monocytes?

A

circulating precursor to MACROPHAGES

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22
Q

What are the three differentiated types of lymphoid cells found in the tissues?

A

Plasma cells, effector T cells, and NK cells

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23
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid cells found in the blood?

A

B cells and T cells

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24
Q

What three types of myeloid cells are found in the tissues?

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells

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25
Q

What are the four types of myeloid cells found in the blood?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

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26
Q

T/F: erythroid cells are found in the tissues

A

False

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27
Q

what is the function of B-cells?

A

production of antibodies

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28
Q

what is the function of T-cells?

A

cytotoxic or helper functions

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29
Q

what is a plasma cell and what is its function?

A

fully differentiated b-cell that secretes antibodies

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30
Q

what is the funciton of NK cells?

A

kills cells infected with certain types of viruses

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31
Q

When IN UTERO, what organ is the site of hematopoiesis?

A

the LIVER!

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32
Q

what organ is the site of extramedullary hematopoesis?

A

The spleen

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33
Q

Where does normal hematopoeisis occur?

A

The bone marrow and thymus pre-puberty

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34
Q

What are the central lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Bone marrow

2. Thymus

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35
Q

What are the peripheral lymphoid tissues?

A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. lymph nodes
  3. spleen
  4. MALT
  5. Adenoids and tonsils
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36
Q

Where do T-cells mature? Where do they originate?

A

they mature in the thymus (T! - cell) but originate in the bone marrow

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37
Q

where do B-cells mature?

A

in the bone marrow (B! - cell)

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38
Q

What organ has the greatest blood flow in the body?

A

the spleen

39
Q

the spleen deals with (blank) infections

A

blood

40
Q

(blank) makes up 75% of the immune system and is the largest lymphoid tissue

A

MALT

41
Q

Where do T-cells develop the ability to have self-non-self discrimination?

A

in the thymus

42
Q

T-cells caused (blank) immune response

A

cell-mediated

43
Q

B-cells cause (blank) immune response

A

antibody

44
Q

T and B cells cause the actual immune response where?

A

in peripheral lymphoid organs

45
Q

Where in the thymus are the dendritic cells?

A

medulla

46
Q

T/F: macrophages are found the thymus medulla and cortex

A

True

47
Q

Hassall’s corpuscle is in what part of the thymus?

A

medulla

48
Q

what is the primary defense against pathogens that gain access to tissues?

A

lymph nodes

49
Q

The paracortical area of a lymph node contains mostly what type of cell?

A

t-cell

50
Q

The primary lymphoid follicle is made up of what type of cell?

A

B-cells

51
Q

medullary cords within a lymph node contain what cell types?

A

macrophages and plasma cells?

52
Q

What is the function of the primary lymphoid follicles (germinal centers)?

A

Production of antibodies

53
Q

Lymphoid follicles are found where in the lymph node?

A

Outer cortex

54
Q

The medullary cords of the lymph node have what function?

A

filter the blood and remove bacteria and debris (plasma cells and macrophages do this)

55
Q

What is the primary defense against blood pathogens?

A

the spleen

56
Q

If innate immunity fails, where will adaptive immunity begin?

A

In the spleen

57
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of cogenital apslenia?

A

autosomal dominant

58
Q

What imaging technique do you use to image the blood flow to organs to determine if an organ is missing?

A

Scintillation scanning

59
Q

Asplenic patients have an increased susceptibility to (blank) bacteria like H. influenzae

A

encapsulated

60
Q

Asplenic patients can develop complications such as (blank and blank) to bacterial infections

A

meningitis and pneumonia

61
Q

Where do the vast majority of pathogens gain access?

A

the mucosal surfaces

62
Q

MALT includes what other two types of mucosal tissues?

A

BALT and GALT

63
Q

MALT has a similar function to (blank and blank)

A

lymph nodes and spleen

64
Q

What unique type of cell is found in MALT?

A

M-CELLS (antigen presenting cells!)

65
Q

What tonsils make up Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Adenoids, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils

66
Q

What is the response time for innate immunity?

A

hours

67
Q

Is the recognition of bugs in innate immunity encoded by the genome?

A

Yes, this is called FIXED

68
Q

Does innate immunity recognize individual bugs or “patterns” of pathogens?

A

Patterns, therefore limited number of specificities can be identified

69
Q

Does the efficacy of the recognition mechanism of innate immunity improve over the course of the response?

A

NO

70
Q

What is the response time for adaptive immunity?

A

days to weeks

71
Q

Is the recognition of bugs in adaptive immunity encoded by the genome?

A

NO, it is VARIABLE

72
Q

Does adaptive immunity recognize individual bugs or “patterns” of pathogens?

A

No, it recognizes SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

73
Q

Does the efficacy of the recognition mechanism of adaptive immunity improve over the course of the response?

A

Yes!

74
Q

List some of the factors involved in innate immunity?

A
  1. epithelial barriers
  2. anti-microbial enzymes and peptides
  3. complement system
  4. macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils,
  5. pattern recognition receptors
  6. inflammation
  7. cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and acute phase proteins
  8. Interferons and NK cells
75
Q

List the 6 receptors found on macrophages?

A
  1. mannose
  2. LPS CD14
  3. scavenger
  4. glucan
  5. TLR2
  6. TLR4
76
Q

What cell type forms the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

77
Q

Can you have an adapative immune response without an innate response?

A

NO

78
Q

What three types of communication does the immune system use?

A

Endocrine, paracrine, and cell to cell contact

79
Q

How are cells directed to function by the immune system?

A

combinations of different signals yields different responses.

80
Q

What are the three major antigen presenting cells?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes

81
Q

What is the general function of adaptive immunity?

A

recognize antigens presented by the APC’s

82
Q

on what part of the antibody is the antigen binding site?

A

the light chain

83
Q

is the light chain or heavy chain constant?

A

heavy chain

84
Q

How many types of light chains are there per antibody?

A

two

85
Q

how many types of heavy chains are there per antibody?

A

one

86
Q

how many types of chains are there in t-cell receptors and what are they called?

A

2 types, alpha and beta

87
Q

what is the concept of clonal deletion?

A

self-reactive immature lymphocytes are destroyed

88
Q

What is the concept of clonal selection?

A

When a b-cell divides, one clone is used to fight the immediate infection while the other becomes a memory cell for long-term protection. BUT, not all the clones have the same receptors, so only the clones whose receptors were activated are SELECTED to proliferate.

89
Q

Once we have memory B-cells, do we get reinfected with the same bug?

A

No, infection is subclinical and resolved quickly.

90
Q

A deficient immune response to antigens from an infectious agent will lead to (blank)

A

recurrent infection

91
Q

A normal immune response to antigens from an innocuous substance leads to (blank)

A

allergies

92
Q

A normal immune response to antigens from a grafted organ leads to

A

rejection

93
Q

A normal immune response to antigens from your own organs leads to (blank)

A

autoimmune disorders

94
Q

A deficient immune response to antigens from a tumor leads to (blank)

A

cancer

Block 6 Week 1 Colt (11 decks)

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