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Haematology and Immunology AM > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some immune physical barriers present in the body?

A 
Saliva
Mucocilliary escalator
Gastric acid
Normal flora
Physical flushing e.g. urination
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2
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Rapidly responding immune reaction with some specificity and no immunological memory

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3
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A 
Mast cells
Natural killer cells
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
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4
Q

What are the mechanisms of the innate immune system?

A 
Inflammation
Recruitment of immune cells
Activation of complement
Oponisation
Phagocytosis
NK toxicity
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5
Q

What responses cause inflammation?

A 
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Increased cell adhesion molecules
Chemotaxis
Increased sensitivity to pain
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6
Q

What causes vasodilation in inflammation?

A 
Nitric oxide
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
TNF-alpha
IL-1
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7
Q

Wha causes increased vascular permeability in inflammation?

A

Nitric oxide
Histamine
Leukotrines

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8
Q

What caused increased cell adhesion in inflammation?

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1

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9
Q

What causes chemotaxis in inflammation?

A

CXCL-8

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10
Q

What causes increases sensitivity to pain in inflammation?

A

Bradykinin

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11
Q

What recruits immune cells in the innate immune system?

A

IL-8

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12
Q

What are the 3 pathways by which complement can be activated?

A

Classical
ALternative
Lectin

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13
Q

What signals cause chemotaxis of phagocytes to site of inflammation?

A

C3a

C5a

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14
Q

What signals cause ozonisation?

A

C3b

C4b

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15
Q

What signal causes lysis of organisms?

A

C5b-9 complex

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16
Q

What signals maintain solubility of Ag/Ab complexes?

A

C3b, C4b, C2

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17
Q

What are the main cells in the innate immune system involved in phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

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18
Q

What do NK cells cause?

A

Perforin induced apoptosis

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19
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Specific immune system with delayed response but immunological memory

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of pathway in the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

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21
Q

What cells are involved in the humeral immune system?

A

Antibodies, B lymphocytes

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22
Q

What are the actions of cytotoxic T cells CD8+?

A

Release IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha- direct anti-viral and anti tumour effects
Release cytotoxic granules–> perforin induced apoptosis
Apoptosis via FasL-Fas interactions

23
Q

What is the method of perforin induced apoptosis?

A

Perforin creates a pore in the cell membrane for granzyme to enter and trigger apoptosis

24
Q

What are the actions of T helper cells CD4+?

A 
Release cytokines
Promote B cell antibody class switching
25
Q

What are the 3 types of T helper cell?

A

Th1
Th2
Th17

26
Q

What are Th1 cells esp involved in?

A

Intracellular pathogen response

27
Q

What are the actions of Th1 T cells?

A

Maximise macrophage and cytotoxic T cell activity
Release IFN-gamma
Inhibit Th2 response

28
Q

What are Th2 and 17 cells esp involved in?

A

Extracellular pathogen response

29
Q

What are the actions of Th2?

A

Release IL 4, 5, 13
Activate mast cells, basophils and eosinophils
Class switching to IgE
Inhibit Th1 response

30
Q

What are the actions of Th17?

A

Pro-inflammatory

Recruit neutrophils and macrophages

31
Q

What are the actions of regulatory T cells?

A

Suppress CD4+ and CD8+
Control response to self antigens
Secrete TL-10 and TGF-beta- anti inflammatory, suppress immune system

32
Q

What are the 2 regions of antibodies?

A

FAB region

FC region

33
Q

What is the function of the FAB region of antibodies?

A

Binds to antigen

34
Q

What is the function of the FC region of antibodies?

A

Communicates with immune cells

35
Q

What are the types of immunoglobulin isotopes?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
36
Q

What is IgM?

A

Pantamer antibody formation

Best at activating complement

37
Q

What is IgG?

A

Predominant antibody

Can cross placenta

38
Q

What does IgE mainly attack?

A

Parasitic infections and in allergies

39
Q

How are antigens recognised?

A

T lymphocytes- require presentation of antigens via MHC

B- recognise directly from B cell receptor

40
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

Immune complex formation
Oponisation
Activate complement cascade
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

41
Q

What is antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A

Antibodies bind to target cells and initiate non phagocytic cell mediated destruction

42
Q

What are the 2 types of immune tolerance?

A

Central

Peripheral

43
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Destroys auto reactive or ineffective lymphocyte cells before maturity e.g. in thymus or bone marrow

44
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Monitoring of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and circulation

45
Q

What cells are in charge of peripheral tolerance?

A

Regulatory T cells

46
Q

Wh is a normal variation of immune function seen in?

A

Neonates
Pregnant
Elderly

47
Q

What are the immune irregularities in the elderly?

A

Fewer naive T cells
Reduced probability for T expansion
Reduced B cell development and diversity
More dependent on innate immunity

48
Q

What environmental factors can cause a secondary immune deficiency?

A

Malnutrition
Trauma
Burns

49
Q

Inadequate levels of what can cause immune deficiency?

A

Protein/calories
Zinc
Iron

50
Q

Why can a zinc deficiency cause immune deficiency?

A

Essential for proliferating cells

Imapirs PMN, NK, monocyte and lymphocyte function

51
Q

Why can an iron deficiency cause an immune deficiency?

A

Impairs innate immune system

52
Q

What diseases can cause a secondary immune deficiency?

A 
Infection e.g. HIV
DM
Renal failure
Asplenia
Malignancy- CLL, myeloma, lymohoma
53
Q

How does HIV cause an immune deficiency?

A

Virus binds t CD4+ cells

Decreased activity of C cells, CK, CD8+ and macrophages

54
Q

What drugs can cause a secondary immune deficiency?

A

Immunosuppression
Anti-rheumatic
Anti-epileptic

Haematology and Immunology AM (17 decks)

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