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immunology > intro to immunology > Flashcards

intro to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunology?

A

the study of the body’s defence against infection

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2
Q

name some uses of immunology

A

without an immune system we’ll succumb to infection
underpins vaccinations
diagnostic techniques - visualising tumours using antibodies

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3
Q

name the important features of the immune system

A

complexity
redundancy
can distinguish between self and non self

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4
Q

what is meant by redundancy?

A

if one pathway is not working, another will take its place. the immune system has many ways of dealing with infection/inflammation

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5
Q

what is the basic function of the immune system?

A

to distinguish between self and non self

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6
Q

what happens in an autoimmune disease?

A

antibodies are produced to body’s own DNA

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7
Q

what bacteria is normally found on our skin?

A

staphylococci

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8
Q

what happens when bacteria spreads to the brain?

A

meningitis –> death

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9
Q

where is bacteria naturally found in/on our body

A

Staphylococci - skin
1000 types in our gut
Pneumococci in the throat

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10
Q

how does HIV result in death?

A

HIV kills CD4 T cells and patients die of opportunistic infection

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11
Q

what is severe combined immunodeficiency?

A

lack of lymphocytes

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12
Q

what are the complications of scid?

A

recurrent bacterial, viral or fungal infections that are much more serious and less responsive to treatment than normal.

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13
Q

why can bone marrow transplants be used to replace the immune system?

A

pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

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14
Q

how does a bone marrow transplant to replace the immune system work?

A

radiation and drugs are used to destroy the existing immune system
pluripotent stem cells can be transplanted
differentiate then restore the immune system

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15
Q

where are t cells made?

A

thymus

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16
Q

where are b cells made?

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

what are the two types of t cell?

A

cd4 helper

cd8 killer

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18
Q

define primary lymphoid organs

A

where lymphocytes are formed

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19
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow

thymus gland

20
Q

what are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

where lymphocytes are activated

21
Q

name some of the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes

22
Q

what happens to the lymph nodes in an infection?

A

they swell up

23
Q

what is an antigen?

A

anything which elicits an adaptive immune response

24
Q

what are self antigens?

A

one of your own antigens

25
Q

what are foreign antigens?

A

substances from outside ourselves

26
Q

name the characteristics of the immune system

A

specific
has a memory
self vs non self
antigens elicit the adaptive immune response

27
Q

what receptors do lymphocytes have?

A

antigen specific T cell receptor

antigen specific B cell receptor

28
Q

what receptor does a phagocyte have?

A

pattern recognition receptor and Fc receptor

29
Q

where are white blood cells in healthy individuals?

A

blood and lymph nodes

30
Q

describe the steps that happen when the skin barrier is broken

A

bacteria enter
neutrophils phagocytose them
skin macrophages recognise the bacteria bc of the TLRs
produce TFNa and IL-1 cytokines which make endothelial cells sticky by making more adhesion molecules
neutrophils stick to the blood vessels and leave

31
Q

what is the most abundant white blood cell?

A

neutrophils

32
Q

what does pamp stand for?

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern

33
Q

what are pamps?

A

Molecular structure or molecules that are shared by most pathogenic bacteria and some viruses that we dont have

34
Q

what are toll-like receptors?

A

molecules on the surface of all mammalian cells which recognise components of bacteria and viruses to alert the immune system

35
Q

how many toll like receptors are there?

A

11

36
Q

give some examples of pamps?

A

bacteria have flagella

viruses have viral rna

37
Q

what happens to cells when their tlr recognises pathogens?

A

cell becomes activated and produces pro-inflammatory cytokines

38
Q

what causes white pus in a spot?

A

when bacteria come in through the bottom of the follicle
trigger macrophages to secrete cytokines
neutrophils come in

39
Q

what is pus?

A

dead neutrophils

40
Q

what class of white blood cells are neutrophils?

A

granulocytes

41
Q

what does tlr2 detect?

A

lipoproteins and gram positive baceria

42
Q

what does tlr4 detect?

A

gram negative

43
Q

what does tlr5 detect?

A

flagellin

44
Q

what does tlr9 detect?

A

CpG DNA

45
Q

what does tlr7 detect?

A

double stranded viral RNA

46
Q

what can interact with a cell to trigger response from the nucleus?

A

ECM, other cells, PAMPs and hormones such as cytokines

immunology (6 decks)

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