cytokines

Question 1

what are cytokines?

Answer 1

small proteins or glycoproteins which act via specific receptors

Question 2

what are the names of cytokines in general?

Answer 2

interleukins

except TNFa and IFNy

Question 3

what are the characteristics of cytokines?

Answer 3

pleiotrophy
redundancy
synergy
antagonism

Question 4

what is pleiotrophy?

Answer 4

cytokine can have multiple effects

Question 5

what is redundancy?

Answer 5

more than one cytokine carries out the same function

Question 6

what is synergy?

Answer 6

cytokines work together

Question 7

what is antagonism?

Answer 7

cytokines work in opposition to each other

Question 8

what are chemokines?

Answer 8

a subgroup of cytokines involved in cell movement

Question 9

how do chemokines help with cell movement?

Answer 9

migration along the chemokine concentration gradient provides directional movement

Question 10

name some inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 10

IL-1, TNFa and IL-6

Question 11

name some anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 11

IL-10, TGF-beta

Question 12

what is acute inflammation?

Answer 12

when cytokines rapidly recruit immune cells to the site of infection

Question 13

how are cytokines are chemokines released in acute inflammation?

Answer 13

macrophages have toll-like receptors which detect pamps. causes them to secrete cytokines and chemokines

Question 14

what cytokines are secreted in acute inflammation?

Answer 14

TNFa

Question 15

what chemokines are secreted in acute inflammation?

Answer 15

IL-8

Question 16

what do chemokines do in acute inflammation?

Answer 16

activate adhesion molecules to increase binding

Question 17

describe the steps of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 17

tethering - cytokines make lining of blood vessels more sticky
rolling and activation - chemokines activate adhesion molecules
arrest
diapedesis and migration - move into the tissues

Question 18

what does TNFa do in immune cell recruitment?

Answer 18

increases expression of adhesion molecules to make the endothelium stickier.

Question 19

which cytokines are released when T cells are activated?

Answer 19

IL2

Question 20

what does IL-10 do?

Answer 20

keeps the gut healthy

Question 21

what happens to people with mutations in their IL-10 receptor genes?

Answer 21

they have severe gut inflammation

Question 22

what does a controlled release of TNFa do?

Answer 22

fever
acute phase proteins
immune cell production
local inflammation

Question 23

what happens in sepsis?

Answer 23

overstimulation of cytokines and septic shock

Question 24

explain the feedback loop that leads to a cytokine storm

Answer 24

immune cells produce cytokines
cytokines stimulate immune cell
immune cell produces more cytokines

Question 25

what are complex inflammatory diseases?

Answer 25

chronic overproduction of cytokines

Question 26

name some complex inflammatory diseases

Answer 26

asthma, crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis

Question 27

what causes type 1 hypersensitivity and how?

Answer 27

overproduction of IL4
drives th2 differentiation
makes more il4
stimulates class switching to IgE
IgE binds to granulocytes
histamine produced

Question 28

how does overproduction of th1 cytokines lead to chronic inflammation

Answer 28

chronic recruitment and activation of innate immune cells

causes tissue damage