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immunology > immune recognition of pathogens > Flashcards

immune recognition of pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

define antigen

A

anything that binds to a t cell or b cell receptor

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2
Q

define foreign antigens

A

antigens which are not from the body

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3
Q

define self antigens

A

antigens of our own body

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4
Q

define immunogen

A

anything which triggers an immune response

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5
Q

define epitope

A

the part of the antigen which is recognised and binds to the receptor on an immune cell

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6
Q

explain the process of antigen recognition

A

antigen binds to receptor
signalling cascade
gene transcription
effector molecules made e.g. antibodies and cytokines

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7
Q

what is another name for antibody?

A

immunoglobulin

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8
Q

how does the antibody made by an immune cell link to the antibody that detects the antigen?

A

they’re the same antigen

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9
Q

how many structures do cells of the innate immune system recognise?

A

limited

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10
Q

name some of the cells of the innate immune system

A

NK cells
macrophages/monocytes
neutrophils
dendritic cells

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11
Q

name some of the cells of the adaptive immune system

A

t and b lymphocytes

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12
Q

how many structures do cells of the adaptive immune system recognise?

A

millions

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13
Q

what receptors recognise pamps?

A

prrs

pattern recognition receptors

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14
Q

what type of receptors are TLRs?

A

PRRs

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15
Q

how many TLRs are there in humans?

A

10

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16
Q

what does TLR4 recognise?

A

lipopolysaccharides such as bacterial endotoxins

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17
Q

what does TLR5 recognise?

A

flaggelin

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18
Q

where are TLRs found?

A

on the membrane of the immune cells or in the endosome

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19
Q

what shape do TLRs have?

A

horshoe

some exist as dimers

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20
Q

when talking about adaptive immunity, what is meant by “particular specificity is rare”?

A

you don’t have loads of lymphocytes with the same receptor

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21
Q

explain the steps of clonal expansion

A

1 cell recognises an antigen
receives proliferative signal
each daughter cell has the same specificity

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22
Q

what are b cell receptors made of?

A

membrane bound immunoglobulins

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23
Q

when do b cells become activated?

A

when they recognise an antigen

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24
Q

what happens to a B cell after it’s activated?

A

differentiates into a plasma cell

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25
Q

in what form do B cells recognise antigens?

A

free floating/on their own

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26
Q

describe the structure of an antibody

A 
two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
variable region at the top
constant region at the bottom
two antigen binding sites
held together by disulfide bonds
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27
Q

what are the heavy and light chains linked by in an antibody?

A

disulfide bond

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28
Q

what does the variable region of the antibody do?

A

the point where antigens bind

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29
Q

what does the constant region of the antibody do?

A

determines the function of the antibody

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30
Q

what are the different types of antibodies?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
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31
Q

what shape is IgM?

A

a pentameter

32
Q

what shape is IgA in the blood?

A

monomer

33
Q

what shape is IgA in the mucosa?

A

dimer

34
Q

what is the Fc region of the antibody?

A

the tail/bottom half

35
Q

what is the Fab region of the antibody

A

the top parts

36
Q

what is the first antibody made by B cells?

A

IgM

37
Q

what is class switching?

A

when B cells go from making IgM to IgG or any other immunoglobulin

38
Q

in class switching, what happens to the variable and constant regions of the antibody?

A

variable regions stay the same

constant regions change

39
Q

what does high levels of IgM indicate?

A

infection was recent

40
Q

what does high levels of IgG indicate?

A

infection was long time ago

41
Q

how is BCR diversity generated?

A

somatic DNA recombination

42
Q

what are the different segments in the heavy chain gene of antibodies?

A

Variable
Diversity
Joining

43
Q

explain the process of somatic DNA recombination and how this leads to diversity in BCRs

A

splicing of the DNA, bringing D+J together
more splicing to bring V+D together
gene transcribed to mRNA
splicing to remove introns
translation and assembled with light chains to make BCR

44
Q

what form do antigens have to be in to be recognised by T cells?

A

linear peptides on an APC

45
Q

what are linear peptides?

A

short linear strings fo AAs

46
Q

what cells can form APCs

A

dendritic cells

macrophages

47
Q

how do APCs express antigens?

A

binding them to MHC molecules and presenting them on the surface

48
Q

describe the structure of TCRs

A

made up of alpha and beta chains
connected by a disulfide bridge
have a stalk segment, then a transmembrane region and then a cytoplasmic tail

49
Q

where is the variable region in a TCR?

A

at the top

50
Q

where is the constant region in a TCR?

A

at the bottom

51
Q

what does CD stand for?

A

clusters of differentiation

52
Q

when do t cells first express the TCR?

A

in the thymus

53
Q

what receptors do T helper cells have?

A

CD4+

54
Q

what receptors do T killer cells have?

A

CD8+

55
Q

how is TCR diversity generated?

A

somatic DNA recombination

same mechanism as the BCR recombination but with the a and b chain not the heavy chian

56
Q

what is the most potent APC?

A

dendritic cells

57
Q

what does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

58
Q

why does the mhc molecule need to be matched in transplantation?

A

to avoid graft infection

59
Q

what is an MHC?

A

a molecule on the APC which presents the peptide for potentiation recognition by T cells

60
Q

what is the MHC gene in humans?

A

HLA - human leukocyte antigens

61
Q

what are the two classes of MHC proteins?

A

MHC classes I and II

62
Q

what makes up the peptide binding cleft in MHC class I proteins?

A

a1 and a2

63
Q

describe the structure of an MHC class 1 protein

A

three alpha domains and a beta domain

64
Q

which mhc class presents antigens to cytotoxic t cells?

A

MHC class I

65
Q

which mhc class presents antigens to t helper cells?

A

MHC class II

66
Q

describe the structure of an MHC class II molecule?

A

two alpha domains and two beta domains

67
Q

what is the peptide binding cleft made up of in mhc class II proteins?

A

alpha 1 and beta 1 microglobulins

68
Q

which chromosome has the genes for MHC on it?

A

chromosome 6

69
Q

what are the two properties that MHCs have to increase the likelihood of peptide binding?

A

polygenic

polymorphic

70
Q

what are the three classes of MHC class I proteins?

A

HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C

71
Q

what are the three classes of MHC class II proteins?

A

DR
DP
DQ

72
Q

why is polymorphism described as a barrier to organ transplantation?

A

different MHC molecules on the graft are recognised as foreign, tissue is rejected and an immune response is triggered

73
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

inappropriate immune response to gluten which causes chronic inflammation of small intestine because blunted villi leads to poor absorption of nutrients

74
Q

how is coeliac disease treated?

A

diet where gluten is excluded

75
Q

what is the cause of coeliac disease?

A

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 bind gliadin peptides in gluten that cause disease when presented to T cells

76
Q

what happens to lymphocytes that have high self-reactivity?

A

killed

immunology (6 decks)

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