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microbiology > intro to immunology > Flashcards

intro to immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunity:

A

resistance to infectious disease

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2
Q

Immune system:

A

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections

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3
Q

Immune response:

A

coordinated reaction of the immune system to infectious microbes

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4
Q

Immunology:

A

study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens anddamaged tissues and its role in disease

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5
Q

roles in the IS

A

infection defense
tumor defense
injure cells/induce pathogenic inflamm
recognize/respond to introduced tissues and proteins

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6
Q

def. immunity and vaccines

A
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7
Q

immune response can cause what pathologies

A
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8
Q

immune repsones can be barriers to?

A
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9
Q

Innate Immune Response components

A
  • Epithelial barriers
  • Phagocytes and Sentinel cells.
    ..Neutrophils
    ..Monocytes / Macrophages
    ..Dendritic cells
  • Complement
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells.
  • IFN α/β (Type I interferons)
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10
Q

innate immunity response time frame

A

Acts immediately or within hours.

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11
Q

specificity of the innate IS, genetics?

A

Is not antigen specific- Instead, recognizes “Pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs)that are shared by many different microbes, and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Genes encoding receptors that recognize PAMPs are present in the germ line. They do not undergo somatic recombination or hyper mutation.

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12
Q

clonal expansion in the innate response

A

no

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13
Q

self reactive or memory function of the innate

A

neither

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14
Q

adaptive response components

A 
- Humoral response
..Antibodies produced by B cells
- Cell-mediated response
..Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)
..Helper T cells
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15
Q

adaptive response time

A

days to weeks

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16
Q

adaptive response specificity, genetics?

A

Is highly antigen-specific- Recognizes specific epitopes on
specific proteins of specific pathogens.

Functional genes encoding antigen receptors are not present in the germ
line. Instead, functional antigen receptor genes are generated by somatic recombination and mutation of germ line genes during maturation of B cells and T cells (prior to exposure to any antigens).

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17
Q

clonal proliferation/selection

A

Clonal selection and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes specific for particular antigens following exposure to those antigens.

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18
Q

memory/self reactive of the adaptive response

A

possesses memory

not self reactive

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19
Q

types of adpative immunity

A

humoral and cellular

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20
Q 
humoral immunity
responds to?
effector cell? 
secretes?
effect?
A

responds to extracellualr microbes
b lymphocytes are the effectors
will secrete Ab
Ab bind the Ag and prevent infection/eliminate extracellualr microbes

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21
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

responds to phago microbes of microbes that have infected cells
responders are Th/ Tc
Th will respond to phago microbes with Ag presentation cauing them to produce activate the immune response/ eliminate phago microbes
Tc will kill infected cells

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22
Q

Properties of adaptive immune responses

A 
specifity 
diversity 
memory 
clonal expansion 
specialization 
contraction and homestasis 
non reactive to self
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23
Q

specify functional significance

A
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24
Q

diversity functional significance

A
25
Q

memory functional significance

A
26
Q

clonal expansion functional significance

A
27
Q

specialization functional significance

A
28
Q

contraction and homeostasis functional significance

A
29
Q

non-reactivity to self functional significance

A
30
Q

Clonal selection

A

naive lymphocytes with diverse receptors arise in lymph organs and encounter Ag and only those that react to it will expand
Ag specific response will then occur

31
Q

Primary and secondary immune responses

A

enhanced response with additional exposure to same Ag/microbe, based on memory cells

primary: slower/less
seconday: fast and more

32
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

b and t

33
Q

b lymphocyte functions

A

mediate humoral immunity

34
Q

t lymphocyte function

A

mediate cellular immunity

35
Q

Ag presenting cells/ function

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
follicular dendritic cells
b cells

capture Ag for presentation to lymphocytes

36
Q

dendritic cells function

A

initiate t cell response

37
Q

macrophages active phase

A

effector phase of cell-mediated immunity

38
Q

follicular dendritic cell function

A

display Ag to B lymphocytes for humoral immunity

39
Q

effector cells/ functions

A

t lymphocytes
macrophages
granulocytes

eliminate Ag

40
Q

t lymphocyes functions

A

activate phagocytes/ kill infected cells or supress immune response (Ts)

41
Q

macrophages function

A

killing of microbes/ phagocytosis

42
Q

granulocytes function

A

kill microbes

43
Q

b lymphocyte Ag recognition/ response

A

surface Ab bind Ag

dif to plasma cell and produce Ab to be released which can neutralize microbe, induce phago and complement

44
Q

Th cell action

A

Ag presented to Th by a presenting cell

produces cytokines that can activate phago, inflam, and prolif of b and t lymphocytes

45
Q

Tc action

A

will recognize cell expressing Ag on it surface and kill it

46
Q

regulatory t lymphocyte actions

A

suppress immune responses to prevent self damage

47
Q

Maturation of lymphocytes

A

both begin in bone marrow but only B is completed here, T is completed at the thymus
both are naive and migrate to lymphoid tissue where they can survey the lymph for Ag, spleen to survey blood, or mucosal surfaces

48
Q

naive t lymphocyte:
migration
frequency of cells responsive to particular Ag
effector responses

A

peripheral Ln
very low
none

49
Q

activated t lymphocyte:
migration
frequency of cells responsive to particular Ag
effector responses

A

inflammed tissues
high
cytokine secertion/ cytotoxic

50
Q

memory t lymphocyte:
migration
frequency of cells responsive to particular Ag
effector responses

A

some at LN others at the mucosa and inflamed tissues
low
none

51
Q

naive b lymphocyte:
Ig type
affinty to produced Ig
effector functions

A

IgM and IgD
relatively low
none

52
Q

active b lymphocyte:
Ig type
affinty to produced Ig
effector functions

A

IgG,IgA,IgE
increased
Ab secretion

53
Q

memory b lymphocyte:
Ig type
affinty to produced Ig
effector functions

A

IgG, IgA, IgE
relatively high
none

54
Q

lymphocytes at the LN

A

B and T here
B at the periphery in follicles and T in the cortex, both survey lymph for Ag

After lymphocytes activated by antigen, B & T cells migrate towards each other & meet at edge of follicle.
There, helper T cells interact with and help B cells differentiate into antibody producing cells.

55
Q

Early innate immune response, if passed?

A

Innate defensive mechanisms to keep out microbes if defensive barriers are crossed: inflammation and antiviral mechanisms

56
Q

Phases of adaptive immune response diagrammed

A
57
Q

active immunity

A

microbial Ag present, infection occurs followed by recovery

possesses both specificity and memory

58
Q

passive immunity

A

serum with Ab presented to uninfected indiviual, infection occurs followed by recovery
does have specifity, but no memory.

microbiology (42 decks)

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