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immunization Flashcards

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1
Q

Two key public health measures have a major effect on lowering the incidence of infectious disease:

A
  1. Public sanitation
  2. Vaccines
    Potable water supplies, sewage disposal, improvements in housing
    Prevention of infectious diseases by inducing immune responses
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2
Q

Vaccine

A

An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms

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3
Q

Vaccine types

A
  1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
  3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms
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4
Q

Types of immunization

A

Active immunization - administration of a vaccine

Passive immunization - administration of exogenously produced or preformed antibodies

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5
Q

Passive immunization

newborns?

A

postexposure treatment

Injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary
protection or treatment.

Newborns receive natural passive immunization- maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and is present in breast milk

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6
Q

Uses of passive immunization:

A
  1. To prevent disease after a known exposure
  2. To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
  3. To protect immunodeficient individuals
  4. To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause
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7
Q

Human Immune Globulins used against what diseases?

A 
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Varicella
tetanus
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8
Q

animal antitoxins used against

A

Botulism

Diphtheria

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9
Q

passive immunization Limitations

A

sometimes antiviral antibody titers not high enough

contamination with other infectious agents

need to use early after exposure, often this is not possible

some viruses have a limited extracellular phase
herpesviruses, enteroviruses

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10
Q

ab containing products and vaccines

A

Antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines
Administration of vaccines should be delayed until passive antibody has degraded

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11
Q

active/passive immunity for diseases with long incubation

A

For diseases with long incubation periods both active and passive immunization are
used for postexposure control
Hepatitis B, rabies, tetanus

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12
Q

Active immunization

A

Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses

Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
Live vaccines (attenuated)
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13
Q

Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

A

No risk of infection
Use large amounts of antigen
Inactivate or kill by chemical treatment (e.g. formalin) or heat
for bacteria, viruses, or bacterial toxins
Purify or synthesize subunits or components of the infectious agent

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14
Q

Adjuvants
modern ones?
influence?

A

Adjuvants required to boost the immunogenicity of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
Alum (aluminum salt)

Modern adjuvants are designed to be or to mimic PAMPs
bacterial cell wall components
synthetic polymers
bacterial toxins (attenuated)

Adjuvants influence the type of immune response
Th1 or Th2
secretory IgA

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15
Q

Some disadvantages of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines

A
  1. Immunity is not usually long-lived (generates a Th2 response that does not elicit effective immune memory)
  2. Immunity may be humoral and not cell-mediated
  3. The vaccine does not usually elicit a local IgA response
  4. Booster shots are required
  5. Larger doses must be used
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16
Q

vaccines/dieases using these methods of immunization

toxoids?
inactivated?
capsular polysaccharides+?

A

toxoids: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani

inactivated (killed) bacteria: Vibrio cholera

capsule or protein subunits of bacteria
Capsular polysaccharide vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae B,

Conjugate these because polysaccharides are poor immunogens
Hib polysasccharide + diphtheria toxoid

17
Q

Viral vaccine types

A 
inactivated viruses (polio, hepatitis A, influenza, and rabies)
protein subunits of viruses (hepatitis B)
18
Q 
Active immunization: Live vaccines
use? 
host rxn? 
# doeses? 
longevity?
adjuvant?
A

Use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms
Immunization resembles the natural infection

host reaction progresses through Th1 and Th2 immune responses: humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses are developed

Only a single dose usually required
Immunity is generally long-lived
No adjuvant required

19
Q

live vax disadvantages

A
  1. Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or
    pregnant women, who do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a
    weakened infection
  2. The vaccine microorganism may revert to a virulent form (for viruses)
  3. The viability of the vaccine must be maintained
20
Q

Live Bacterial vaccine example

why not used?

A

Calmette-Guerin bacillus (tuberculosis)
attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis

not routinely used in United States because vaccinated individuals show a false-positive reaction to
the tuberculosis test used in this country (PPD test = purified protein derivative test)

21
Q

live vax viral vax example

A 
MMR vaccine
measles virus
mumps virus 
rubella virus
Varicella-zoster virus (also available as part of MMRV vaccine)
22
Q

correlates of protection

A

the host immune responses associated with disease protection

23
Q

Vaccines that protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies

A

hepA and tetanus

24
Q

Secretory antibodies play a role in protection against infections caused by
agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces, which disease

A

rotavirus

25
Q

Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential include

A

measles and varicella

26
Q

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for generating active immunity

A

mRNA, viral vector, and protein subunit vaccines encoding the Spike protein (or parts of)

27
Q

mRNA vaccine encoding the Spike protein

A

Pfizer - BioNTech & Moderna
mRNA enters cells and is translated into parts of Spike
active immunity

28
Q

Viral vector vaccine encoding the Spike protein

A

engineered harmless adenovirus (DNA virus) that infects
cells and then produces parts of Spike
Johnson & Johnson - Janssen
active immunity

29
Q

Protein subunit vaccine containing parts of the Spike protein

A

also contains adjuvants (saponins)
Novavax
active immunity

30
Q

Treatment for COVID-19 based on passive immunity to SARS-CoV-2

A

mAb- binds SARS-CoV-2 virions and“neutralizes” them, which means it blocks the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors and entering cel

microbiology (42 decks)

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