humoral immunity

Question 1

Phases of humoral immune responses

Answer 1

Question 2

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses
types of b cells?
what Ab are produced (G, M, A)? affinity?
effector B-cells?

Answer 2

t dependent only occur with protein antigens

Question 3

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses 
lag after immunization
peak response 
Ab isotype
Ab affinity

Answer 3

Question 4

Antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes

Answer 4

Ag binds surface bond Ig to, No APC needed
requires a cluster of receptors bound to the Ag to generate response at BCR complex
will result in a phos cascade that expresses TFs to induce gene epression

Question 5

Role of innate immune signals in B cell activation, receptors involved?
how is BCR activated?

Answer 5

(A) complement receptor (CR2) binding by C3d bound to microbe.
(B) (B) Toll-like receptor (TLR) binding by PAMP.
both can help form receptor clusters to drive b cell activation

Question 6

Functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated B cell activation
changes in these cells?: increased expression in what genes? increased what to interact with T cells? increased expression what receptors? how to migrate out? generation of what kind of cells?
consequences of these changes?

Answer 6

s

Question 7

Sequence of events in helper T cell-dependent antibody responses

Answer 7

Question 8

Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes to helper T cells

Answer 8

Question 9

Activated T cells that recognize antigen presented on B cells use _____ligand and _______ to activate the B cell

Answer 9

Activated T cells that recognize antigen presented on B cells use CD40 ligand and cytokines to activate the B cell

causes B cell dif and prolif for effector functions

Question 10

The germinal center reaction

Answer 10

Question 11

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain isotype (class) switching pathways, what signals produce the various Ig?

Answer 11

s

Question 12

principal effector functions of IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA

Answer 12

Question 13

Mechanism of immunoglobulin heavy-chain isotype switching

Answer 13

Question 14

repeated exposure to a protein Ag causes creation of what? due to?

Answer 14

Repeated exposure to a protein antigen drives creation of higher affinity antibodies, due to interactions with Tfh

Question 15

Selection of high-affinity B cells occurs where?

Answer 15

within the germinal centers

Question 16

Somatic Hypermutation, purpose/enzyme used?

Answer 16

occurs to produce variable affinity Ab and high-affinity Ab, uses AID
AID = activation-induced deaminase is involved; deaminates cytosine (DNA base) to uracil. Sometimes uracil is cleaved (see isotype switching) and repaired by an error-prone mechanism. Even when uracil persists, it results in a base pairing change.

Question 17

Selection of high-affinity B cells mechanism

Answer 17

Question 18

FDCs

Answer 18

present antigen via antibodies bound to Fc receptors or complement receptors instead of MHC molecules
Antigens are never internalized by FDCs.
The antibodies are those that were secreted by B cells themselves.

Question 19

T cell dependent B cell response vs T independent response 
type of Ag? 
Isotype switiching? 
affinity maturation?
plasma cells life span?
memory cells?

Answer 19

Question 20

Regulation of the humoral response occurs with?

Answer 20

Ab feedback
Humoral response terminated once sufficient quantities of IgG are produced to result in this combination of binding ona B cell (Ag binds both Ig and Fc receptor)

Question 21

Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity

Answer 21

Question 22

IgG effector functions

Answer 22

Question 23

IgM effector functions

Answer 23

Question 24

IgA effector function

Answer 24

Question 25

IgE effector function

Answer 25

Question 26

Neutralization process of microbes and toxins by antibodies | what can the Ab bind to and what are the effects?

Answer 26

s

Question 27

Antibody-mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes process

Answer 27

Question 28

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) process

Answer 28

Ag displayed on cell surface can be done without MHC, could be a viral protein associated with the membrane instead

Question 29

. IgE- and eosinophil-mediated killing of helminths process

Answer 29

IgE binds the Ag then bonds Fc receptors of the eosinphils to induce degranulation to kill hemiliths

Question 30

Complement System part of which system? classical pathway begins with? diagrammed steps

Answer 30

Component of the Innate Immune Response Classical pathway is part of Adaptive Immune Response Classical pathway starts with recognition of antigen engaged antibodies by complement C1 protein.

Question 31

mucosal immunity

Answer 31

done with Transport of IgA through epithelium (produced in lamina propria)