intro to immune system

Question 1

phagocytosis and digestion of microbes

Answer 1

neutrophils

Question 2

allergic reaction, defense against helminths

Answer 2

eosinophils

Question 3

allergic reactions

Answer 3

basophils and mast cells

Question 4

circulating macrophage precursor

Answer 4

monocytes

Question 5

phagocytosis and digestion of microbes, antigen presentation

Answer 5

macrophages

Question 6

PRRs( pattern recognition receptors) recognize….

Answer 6

PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

Question 7

TLR 2 (toll-like receptor)

Answer 7

gram positive-PGN (peptidoglycan)

Question 8

TLR4

Answer 8

gram negative-LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

Question 9

TLRX

Answer 9

other microbe classes

Question 10

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer

Answer 10

lipopeptides and GPI

Question 11

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer

Answer 11

lipoteichoic acid and zymosan

Question 12

TLR3

Answer 12

double-stranded viral RNA

Question 13

TLR4:TLR4 homodimer

Answer 13

lipopolysaccharide

Question 14

TLR5

Answer 14

flagellin

Question 15

TLR7

Answer 15

single-stranded viral RNAs

Question 16

TLR 8

Answer 16

single-stranded viral RNAs

Question 17

TLR9

Answer 17

unmethylated CpG-rich DNAA

Question 18

TLR10 homodimer and heterodimers with TLR1 and 2

Answer 18

unkown

Question 19

source: macrophages and T cells
targets and bio. effects: 
-endothelial cells: activation (inflammation and coag.)
-neutrophils: activation
hypothalamus: fever
Liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
muscle, fat: catabolism (cachexia)
many cell types: apoptosis

Answer 19

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 20

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells
targets and bio. effects:
-endothelial cells: activation (inflammation coag.)
-hypothalamus: fever
-liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins

Answer 20

Interleukin (IL-1)

Question 21

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets
targets and bio. effects:
-leukocytes: chemotaxis, activation

Answer 21

Chemokines

Question 22

source: macrophages, dendritic cells
targets and bio. effects:
-NK cells and T cells: IFN-gama-synthesis, increased cytolytic activity
-T cells: TH1 differentiation

Answer 22

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

Question 23

source: NK cells, T lymphocytes
targets and bio. effects:
-activation of macrophages
-stimulation of some antibody responses

Answer 23

Interferon-gama (IFN-gama)

Question 24

source:
-IFN-alpha: macrophages
IFN-beta: fibroblasts
targets and bio effects:
-all cells: antiviral state, increased class 1 MHC expression
-NK cells: activation

Answer 24

Type 1 IFNs (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta)

Question 25

Source: Macrophages, T cells, Mainly TH2 Targets and bio. effects: -macrophages: INHIBITION of IL-12 production, reduced expression of costimulators and class II MHC molecules

Answer 25

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Question 26

source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells target and bio effects: -liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins -B cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells

Answer 26

Interleukin- 6 (IL-6)

Question 27

source: macrophages and others target and bio effects: -NK cells: proliferation -T cells: proliferation

Answer 27

Interleukin-15 (IL-15)

Question 28

source: macrophages target and bio effects: -NK cells and T cells: IFN-gama synthesis

Answer 28

Interleukin-18 (IL-18)

Question 29

deposited on microbes and enhance their uptake by phagocytes bearing complement receptors

Answer 29

opsonins (one of small fragments features)

Question 30

attract immune cells

Answer 30

chemotactic factors (one of small fragments features)

Question 31

cause degranulation of mast cells/basophiles and release vasoactive substances

Answer 31

anaphylatoxins (one of small fragments features)

Question 32

Large fragments activate downstream components resulting in _____________ which disrupt the membranes of certain pathogens

Answer 32

formation of Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs)

Question 33

complement activation by antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes

Answer 33

classic pathway

Question 34

complement activation by microbial-cell walls

Answer 34

alternative pathway

Question 35

complement activation by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding protein in the plasma

Answer 35

lectin pathway

Question 36

Activation of C3 component followed by activation of C5 component and formation of the attack or lytic sequence-Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Answer 36

Complement system