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*Haematology + Immunology > Intro to Haematology > Flashcards

Intro to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
Buffy Coat
Red blood cells

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2
Q

What are the contents of blood plasma?

A

Coagulation factor
Albumin
Antibodies

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3
Q

What are the contents of Buffy coat?

A

Platelets

White cells

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4
Q

What substances are transported in plasma?

A

Nutrients
Wastes
Messages

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5
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport
Maintaining vascular integrity
Protect from pathogens

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6
Q

How is vascular integrity maintained by the blood?

A

Prevent leaks - platelets, clotting factors

Prevent blockages - anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

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7
Q

What cells are involved in phagocytosis?

A

Granulocytes/monocytes

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8
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

Antigen recognition

Antibody formation

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9
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A

RBC
Platelets
Neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils

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10
Q

What mediates stem cell specialisation?

A

Hormones

Growth factors

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11
Q

What is the erythroid differentiation pathway?

A

Erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

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12
Q

What is the hormone involved in RBC formation?

A

Erythropoietin

in response to hypoxia

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13
Q

What is a reticulocyte count?

A

Measure of RBC production

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14
Q

What are the causes of anaemia?

A 
Decreased production:
 - Deficient in iron, folate, B12
 - Thalassaemias
Increased loss:
Bleeding, haemolysis
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15
Q

What are Schistocytes?

A

Fragmented RBC seen in Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

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16
Q

When are microcytic RBC seen?

A

Iron deficiency

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17
Q

When are macrocytic RBC seen?

A

Megaloblastic - Folate, B12 deficiency

Non-megaloblastic - Marrow infiltration, drugs

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18
Q

Platelet production is regulated by what?

A

Thrombopoeitin (Liver)

platelet mass feedback

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19
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

7 days

20
Q

What are the causes of Thrombocytopenia?

A

Marrow failure

Immune distruction

21
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A 
Ingest pathogens (Bact/fungi ++)
Regulated by macrophages, IL-17
22
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

1-2 days

23
Q

What is the sequence of Neutrophil differentiation?

A 
Blast 
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Neutrophil
24
Q

What are the causes of Neutrophilia?

A

Production stimulated by G-CSF
Infection
Inflammation

25
Q

What are the causes of Neutropenia?

A 
Decreased production (Drugs, marrow failure)
Increased consumption (Sepsis, autoimmune)
26
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A 
Ingest pathogens (Bacteria/fungi++)
Migrate into tissues and become macrophages
27
Q

What is the role of Eosinophils?

A

Parasites and allergies

28
Q

What are the causes of Lymphocytosis?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Pertussis

29
Q

What are the causes of Lymphopenia?

A

Post-viral state

Lymphoma

30
Q

What are the subtypes of Lymphocytes and what are their functions?

A

B cells - make antibodies
T cells - helper, cytotoxic, regulatory
NK cells - Perforin & Granzyme

31
Q

Where are lymphocytes made?

A

B cells mature in bone marrow

T cells in thymus

32
Q

What is positive and negative selection?

A

Positive selection - gene rearragement results in functional receptor cell
Negative selection - cell recognises ‘self’ antigens and is triggered to die
B cells Surviving this pass to periphery

33
Q

What are the 2 classes of Human Leucocyte antigen?

A

Class I: Display internal antigens on all nucleated cells

Class II: display antigens eaten by antigen presenting cells

34
Q

What does HLA differentiate?

A

Self vs. non self

Uninfected vs. Infected

35
Q

What are the haematological diagnostic tools?

A 
FBC
Clotting times (platelet and leucocyte function)
Chemical assays (Iron, B12, Folate)
Marrow aspirate
Lymph node biopsy
36
Q

What are the Haematology replacement therapies?

A

Blood
Haematinics
Coagulation factors
Plasma exchange

37
Q

What substances stimulate neutrophil production?

A

Interleukins

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

38
Q

What is the ‘first’ B cell?

A

Progenitor B cell

39
Q

What is the sequence of B-cell maturation in bone marrow?

A

Progenitor B cell –>
Pre B cell –>
Immature B cell –> (out) –> Lymph cells

40
Q

Most lymphomas arise from what?

A

Somatic hypermutation (specialising of B cells)

41
Q

What blood condition is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Anaemia (Fe deficiency)

Neutrophilia

42
Q

Folate deficiency is associated with what medication?

A

Methotrexate

43
Q

What is normal haemoglobin?

A

Male: 135-170 g/L
Female: 120-160 g/L

44
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

150-400

45
Q

What is normal WBC count?

A

4-10

*Haematology + Immunology (22 decks)

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