Intro to haem

Question 1

what are blood cells derived from

Answer 1

pluripotent stem cells

Question 2

where is blood made in an embryo

Answer 2

yolk sac (till week 10)
then liver then marrow
week 12+ in spleen

Question 3

at birth, where is blood made

Answer 3

mostly bone marrow

liver and spleen when needed

Question 4

from birth to maturity, where is blood made

Answer 4

bone marrow

no. of active sites decreases (but still retains ability to)

Question 5

in an adult, where is blood made

Answer 5

axial skeleton bone marrow

Question 6

2 types of stem cells

Answer 6

long term

short term

Question 7

feature of a stem cell

Answer 7

able to regenerate

Question 8

what type of stem cell is more likely to regenerate

Answer 8

long term

short term more likely to differentiate

Question 9

what do short term stem cells differentiate into

Answer 9

multipotent progenitors

Question 10

two groups after multipotent progenitors

Answer 10

myeloid

lymphoid

Question 11

two groups myeloid is divided into

Answer 11

megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP)

granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP)

Question 12

what does MEP divide into

Answer 12

erythrocytes and platelets

Question 13

what does GMP divide into

Answer 13

granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils etc)

macrophages

Question 14

what does common lymphocyte precursor divide into

Answer 14

dendritic cells
T cells
NK cells
B cells

Question 15

at what stage of development does an erythrocyte shed its nucleus

Answer 15

othochromatic normoblast

Question 16

at what stage does an erythrocyte shed its RNA

Answer 16

reticulocyte

Question 17

what are platelets made on

Answer 17

megakaryocyte - platelets ‘bud’ off

Question 18

segmented nucleus

Answer 18

neutrophil (polymorph)

Question 19

bi-lobed nucleus

bright orange/red granules

Answer 19

eosinophil

Question 20

large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus

Answer 20

basophil

Question 21

large single nucleus

vacuolated

Answer 21

monocyte

Question 22

how long do monocytes circulate before entering tissues to become macrophage

Answer 22

1 week

Question 23

small with condensed nucleus

rim of cytoplasm

Answer 23

mature lymphocytes

Question 24

large cell, plentiful blue cytoplasm

around red cells

Answer 24

active lymphocyte

Question 25

how to recognise blood precursors

Answer 25

immunophenotyping

bioassays

Question 26

what is immunophenotyping

Answer 26

recognises expression of proteins on surface of cells

Question 27

what are bio-assays

Answer 27

culture in vitro to show lineage

Question 28

common site of bone marrow aspiration

Answer 28

posterior iliac crests

Question 29

life span of RBC

Answer 29

120 days

Question 30

what removes RBC from circulation

Answer 30

spleen and liver

Question 31

life span of neutrophils

Answer 31

7-8 hours

Question 32

life span of platelets

Answer 32

7-10 days

Question 33

when RBCs engulfed, what are Hb and haem group broken down to

Answer 33

Hb - amino acids
haem group (minus iron) - bilirubin
iron - binds to transferrin in blood and is recycled

Question 34

what happens to bilirubin from haem group

Answer 34

transported to liver and secreted into bile

Question 35

how does body know to make more RBC

Answer 35

kidney senses reduced oxygen carrying capacity and releases EPO

Question 36

what haematological problem might renal disease be associated with

Answer 36

anaemia

Question 37

effect of EPO

Answer 37

stimulates RBC production in bone marrow