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Haematology HK > Haemostasis > Flashcards

Haemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 stages of haemostasis

A

primary haemostasis
secondary haemostasis
fibrinolysis

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2
Q

what is primary haemostasis

A

platelet plug formation

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3
Q

what is secondary haemostasis

A

fibrin clot formation

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4
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

degradation of fibrin plug

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5
Q

what are platelets

A

small anucleated discs

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6
Q

life span of platelets

A

7-10 days

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7
Q

what attracts platelets to the site

A

damage to epithelial wall - reveals collagen and von willebrand factor

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8
Q

what happens when platelets arrive at the site

A

adhesion
secrete Ca and other substances
attracts more platelets - aggregation
forms platelet plug

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9
Q

what can cause problems in primary haemostasis

A

vascular (no collagen)
platelets (reduced production, increased destruction, abnormal)
reduced von willebrand factor

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10
Q

what is the only test to measure primary haemostasis

A

platelet count

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11
Q

what attracts clotting factors

A

platelets secrete Ca (which is positive)

attracts negative clotting factors to site

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12
Q

what are the 3 stages of secondary haemostasis

A

initiation
propagation
amplification

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13
Q

what is initiation

A

tissue factor released from epithelial cells activates factor VII (VIIa)
factor VIIa activates factors V and X (Va and Xa)

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14
Q

what is propagation

A

Va and Xa activate prothrombin - thrombin(IIa)

thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin - clot forms

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15
Q

what is amplification

A

thrombin (IIa) also activates factors VIII and XI

factors VIIIa and IXa help to activate more V and X - causes more fibrin to be produced

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16
Q

what test measures propagation

A

prothrombin time

17
Q

what test measures amplification

A

APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time

18
Q

problems of secondary haemostasis

A 
single clotting factor deficiency (hereditary haemophilia)
multiple clotting factor deficiency (liver problems, DIC)
increased fibrinolysis (coagulopathy)
19
Q

what causes fibrinolysis

A

tissue plasminogen activator changes plasminogen into plasmin
plasmin breaks down fibrin into fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs)

20
Q

when are FDPs measured

A

Ddimers

21
Q

what are natural anticoagulants

A

serum protease inhibitors (anti-thrombin III)

protein C and protein S (inhibits V, X, VIII, IX)

Haematology HK (22 decks)

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