Intro to Endocrine and Intracellular Signaling

Question 1

List types of signaling

Answer 1

Endocrine, neuroendocrine, neurotransmitters, paracrine, autocrine

Question 2

Endocrine is secreted by ___ into ___

Answer 2

secreted by glands into capillaries

Question 3

How does endocrine reach its target organs?

Answer 3

Through blood

Question 4

Neuroendocrine is secreted by ___ into ___

Answer 4

secreted by nerves into capillaries

Question 5

How does neuroendocrine reach its target organs?

Answer 5

Through blood

Question 6

Neurotransmitters are released by ___ into ___

Answer 6

released by axon terminals of neurons into synaptic junctions

Question 7

Neurotransmitters act:

Answer 7

locally

Question 8

Paracrine is secreted by ___ into ___

Answer 8

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid

Question 9

Paracrine affects:

Answer 9

neighboring cells of a different type

Question 10

Autocrine is secreted by ___ into ___

Answer 10

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid

Question 11

Autocrine affects:

Answer 11

function of same cells that produced them

Question 12

Classes of endocrine molecules and their receptors

Answer 12

Proteins and polypeptide, steroid, derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

Question 13

endocrine

Structure of proteins and polypeptide

Answer 13

Contain amino acids and are stored in secretory vesicles until needed

Question 14

endocrine

Proteins and polypeptide function by…

Answer 14

binding to cell surface receptors and work through G reactive type proteins

Question 15

endocrine

Structure of steroid

Answer 15

Made from cholesterol, lipid soluble; not stored in cell; needs a transport plasma protein to travel through the blood

Question 16

endocrine

Steroid is produced and secreted from:

Answer 16

the adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta

Question 17

endocrine

Steroid function

Answer 17

Signaling occurs through binding to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

Question 18

Where are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine made?

Answer 18

In the thyroid and adrenal medulla

Question 19

What secretes hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)?

Answer 19

Thyroid

Question 20

97% of thyroid hormones are…

Answer 20

thyroxine (T4), inactive

Question 21

3% of thyroid hormones are…

Answer 21

triiodothyronine (T3), active

Question 22

Biochemically, amino acid derivatives function like:

Answer 22

steroids

Question 23

The adrenal medulla makes derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. What are these termed?

Answer 23

catecholamines

Question 24

3 examples of catecholamines

Answer 24

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Question 25

Catecholamines function like:

Answer 25

polypeptide hormones

Question 26

G reactive proteins function by first opening a membrane channel specific for…

Answer 26

an ion species such as sodium or potassium

Question 27

After a membrane channel has been opened, what does the G reactive protein do?

Answer 27

G reactive protein activates cAMP or cGMP

Question 28

After the G reactive protein activates cAMP or cGMP, what does it do?

Answer 28

G reactive protein activates enzymes (which initiate reactions in target cell)

Question 29

Once enzymes are activated, what is the next thing the G reactive protein will do?

Answer 29

G reactive protein activates gene transcription and protein synthesis (may alter metabolism or morphology of cell)

Question 30

2 examples of paracrine mediators

Answer 30

Polypeptide growth factors, amines

Question 31

paracrine mediators

3 examples of polypeptide growth factors

Answer 31

Mitogens, trophic factors, chemoattractants

Question 32

polypeptide growth factors

Mitogens function

Answer 32

stimulate cell proliferation (mitosis)

Question 33

polypeptide growth factors

Trophic factors function

Answer 33

growth and survival

Question 34

polypeptide growth factors

Chemoattractants function

Answer 34

form gradient for mobile (WBC) cells (inflammation)

Question 35

paracrine mediators

2 examples of amines

Answer 35

Histamine, nitric oxide (NO)

Question 36

Where is histamine made?

Answer 36

Mast cells, which have IgE molecules on surface, located in CT of bronchi and intestines

Question 37

Nitric oxide works as…

Answer 37

a localized negative feedback to vasoconstriction (leads to vasodilation)