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Cell Physiology > Cell Organelles and Concentration Gradients of Ions and Molecules > Flashcards

Cell Organelles and Concentration Gradients of Ions and Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Potassium?

A

Intracellular

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2
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Magnesium?

A

Intracellular

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3
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Phosphate?

A

Intracellular

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4
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Sulfate?

A

Intracellular

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5
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for protein?

A

Intracellular

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6
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for protons pH 7.0?

A

Intracellular

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7
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Sodium?

A

Extracellular

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8
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Calcium?

A

Extracellular

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9
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Cloride?

A

Extracellular

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10
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Bicarbonate?

A

Extracellular

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11
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for Glucose?

A

Extracellular

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12
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for pH 7.3-7.4?

A

Extracellular

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13
Q

Where is the concentration gradient higher for urea?

A

Extracellular

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14
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer, protein, and cholesterol.

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15
Q

What is the function of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

A

Separating out from in.

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16
Q

What is the function of protein in the cell membrane?

A

Integral proteins act as pores.
Peripheral protein most studied is spectrin.

17
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

More cholesterol makes the membrane less fluid.
Less cholesterol makes the membrane more fluid.

18
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Outer lipid bilayer membrane is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Contains chromatin and a nucleolus.

19
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus controls DNA replication, transcribes DNA to RNA, and begins protein synthesis.

20
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus in the nucleus?

A

RNA synthesis of ribosomes

21
Q

What is the specific function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Membrane and secreted protein synthesis

22
Q

What is the specific function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Membrane phospholipids and cholesterol synthesis

23
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of membrane

24
Q

What is the general function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Post-translational modification of protein and lipid synthesis

25
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

5 stacks of flattened vesicles oriented cis to ER and trans to the membrane

26
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Glycosylation: addition and removal of sugars
Synthesis of the glycocalyx

27
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

A single membrane vesicle filled with digestive enzymes

28
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Cellular digestion: enzymes are acid hydrolases which are proenzymes.

29
Q

What is the structure of glycocalyx?

A

Negatively charged glycolipids and glycoproteins outside of the cell

30
Q

What is the function of glycocalyx?

A

Determine ABO blood type, immune function, and autoimmune function

31
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane with a matrix enclosed by an inner membrane
Mitochondria has its own DNA

32
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Inner membrane does electron transport
Matrix participates in Kreb’s cycle

33
Q

What is the structure of peroxisomes?

A

Lipid bilayer membrane and an oxidative core

34
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Contains the enzyme catalase
Detoxifies the cell (ie. about half of consumed alcohol)

35
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (containing tubulin)

36
Q

What are the microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin and myosin

37
Q

What are the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton and were can they be found?

A

Keratin: found in epithelial cells
Neurofilaments: prevents breakage of axons and dendrites in nerve tissue
Vimentin: found in fibroblasts, glial cells, and muscle cells; connective tissue

38
Q

What is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

A

Vesicle transport, secretion, chromosomal movement, cilia and flagella motility

Cell Physiology (8 decks)

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