Intro to Diabetes Flashcards
What is diabetes
multi-system disease related to abnormal/impaired utilization of insulin
What causes diabetes (regardless of type)
genetic
hereditary
autoimmune
lifestyle
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas
produces enzymes for digestion
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
produces hormones: insulin & glucagon
what does insulin do in the body
lowers bs
what does glucagon do in the body
raises bs
what does the liver do with glucose
stores and produces it
What cells of the pancreas make insulin
the beta cells
Which muscle and tissues are insulin-dependent
skeletal muscle
adipose tissue
what cells of the pancreas make glucagon
alpha cells
What are the counter regulatory hormones
cortisol
growth hormone
epinephrine
glucagon
What do counter regulatory hormones lead to utilization of what in the body
glycogen stores
Under what conditions are counter regulatory hormones increased
under stressful conditions
How does epinephrine promote sugar production
acts directly on the kidney which promotes breakdown and release of fat nutrients
Where do the broken down fat and nutrients that are released go and what are they converted into
they go to the liver and are converted into sugar and keatones
What cells are affected by cortisol and make them resistant to the action of insulin
fat and muscle cells
What enhances the production of glucose by the liver
cortisol
What does cortisol do under normal circumstances to the insulin in the body
it counterbalances
What happens to insulin as we become stressed or take cortisol medication which raises our cortisol levels
the body becomes insulin resistant
What does the growth hormone do to insulin in the body
it counterbalances the effect of insulin
what cells does the growth hormone counterbalance the effect of insulin on
muscles and fat cells
What happens to the body if there are high levels of growth hormone
the body becomes insulin resistant
what is glycolysis
process which glucose broken down into water and CO2 with the release of energy
what is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
what is gluconeogenesis
process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (protein and fat)
When does the liver make sugar
when you’re not eating
Overnight
b/w meals
