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BIOL211 Cell Biology > Intro to Development > Flashcards

Intro to Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What three main things does development consist of?

A

Positional information (cell signalling)

Differentiation (differential gene expression)

Morphogenesis (growth/changes in cell shape/cell movement)

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2
Q

What are the advantages of using nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) as a model organism for development?

A

Transparent (can track individual cells)

Grown in large numbers

Easy to screen for novel drug effects

Useful for study of aging and neural development -> connectivity map of 302 neurons with 7000 synapses exists where functions are known and understood

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3
Q

What are the advantages of using fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a model organism for development?

A

Rapid development

Small genome size so easy to understand

Availability of developmental mutants (easy to generate mutants) (for studying gene function)

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4
Q

What are the advantages of using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism for development?

A

Small and robust

Transparent (can track individual cells)

Cheaper maintenance than mice

Can lay eggs any time, constant source of embryos (other fish more limited in laying)
->Hundreds of eggs at weekly intervals

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5
Q

What are the advantages of using African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) as a model organism for development?

A

Large oocytes

Cell-free extracts rich in protein, DNA, RNA for study

Cell cycle synchrony

Conserved molecular mechanisms with humans

Ease in microinjection

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6
Q

What are the advantages of using mice (mus musculus) as a model organism for development?

A

99% match with human genome

Easy to generate knock-out or transgenic mice

Easy to tag proteins

Small size -> large scale cost efficient model

Good genetic/molecular toolbox available

Access to embyronic stem cells

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7
Q

What are the advantages of using chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) as a model organism for development?

A

Easy to label, transplant and culture cells and tissues

Similar to mammalian development systems (Gestation is same timeframe as mice: 21 days)

Access to egg (by cutting top off shell) for imaging and manipulation (tissue transplants, fluorescent probes, development in-vivo)

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8
Q

What is the name of the pigmented part of the unfertilised Xenopus eggs?

A

Animal hemisphere

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9
Q

What is the name of the unpigmented part of the unfertilised Xenopus eggs?

A

Vegetal hemisphere

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10
Q

What stage of embryonic development follows fertilisation in Xenopus?

A

Cleavage

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11
Q

What stage of embryonic development follows cleavage in Xenopus?

A

Gastrulation

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12
Q

Describe the structure of a blastula

A

Epithelium surrounds a more hollow interior

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13
Q

Which organism is most useful for early embryo development study?

A

Xenopus (frog) due to large eggs

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14
Q

Describe cleavage 1 and 2 in Xenopus embryonic development

A

Cleavage 1 splits zygote into two, cleavage 2 splits zygote into four. They are perpendicular and equal holoblastic.

The nuclei are displaced and in
animal hemisphere (animal-ward)

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15
Q

Describe cleavage 3 in Xenopus embryonic development

A

Cleavage 3 is perpendicular/equatorial to 2 and 3.

It is unequal holoblastic (closer to
animal cap, in vegetal region)

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16
Q

What are the two main functions of gastrulation?

A

Form gut
Form primary germ layers

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17
Q

Which end of where the blastopore begins and ends becomes the mouth and anus of the organism? (Xenopus)

A

Begins becomes anus
Ends becomes mouth

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18
Q

What are the primary germ layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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19
Q

What is the blastocoel?

A

The cavity in the middle of the blastula

20
Q

What is the blastula?

A

Stage after the morula, epithelium surrounding hollow interior

21
Q

What is the morula?

A

Ball of cells after the 16 cell stage

22
Q

In vertebrates, what organs does the endoderm go onto form?

A

Gut, liver, lungs

23
Q

In vertebrates, what organs does the mesoderm go onto form?

A

Skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

24
Q

In vertebrates, what organs does the ectoderm go onto form?

A

Skin, nerous system

25
Q

In insects, what organs does the endoderm go onto form?

A

Gut

26
Q

In insects, what organs does the mesoderm go onto form?

A

Muscle, heart, blood

27
Q

In insects, what organs does the ectoderm go onto form?

A

Cuticle, nervous system

28
Q

Where is the CNS located in vertebrates vs insects?

A

Vertebrates: Dorsal side
Insects: Ventral side

29
Q

What position order are the primary germ layers generally in, from outermost to innermost?

A

Ectoderm -> Mesoderm -> Endoderm

30
Q

What is an embryo entering the gastrulation stage called?

A

Gastrula

31
Q

During development, what can act as inducing signals?

A

Secreted molecules (as always)

Ligands/molecules bound to surface of other cells (so perceived when cells are in direct contact with each other)

32
Q

What role in development do signalling pathways involving TGF-Beta receptors usually carry out?

A

Axis specification

33
Q

What role in development do signalling pathways involving RTKs usually carry out?

A

Migration and proliferation

34
Q

What role in development do signalling pathways involving Wnt receptors usually carry out?

A

Parasegment boundaries

35
Q

What role in development do signalling pathways involving Hedgehog receptors usually carry out?

A

Limb development

36
Q

What role in development do signalling pathways involving Notch (Delta) receptors usually carry out?

A

Cell fate decisions in the CNS

37
Q

What term is given to diffusible molecules that can cause induction at a distance?

A

Morphogens

38
Q

Define proximal

A

Close to the main body

(Eg; Wrist would be proximal, finger tips would be distal)

39
Q

Define distal

A

Further point from main body

(Eg; Wrist would be proximal, finger tips would be distal)

40
Q

Define anterior

A

Top

(Eg; thumb would be anterior, little finger would be posterior)

41
Q

Define posterior

A

Bottom

(Eg; thumb would be anterior, little finger would be posterior)

42
Q

Define ventral

A

Front

(Eg; palm would be ventral, knuckles or back of hand would be dorsal)

43
Q

Define dorsal

A

Back

(Eg; palm would be ventral, knuckles or back of hand would be dorsal)

44
Q

What is meant by reciprocal / two-way induction?

A

One tissue induces another tissue to change fate while this second tissue reciprocally induces the first to adopt another fate

45
Q

What cell types do kidneys develop from?

A

Arises from ureteric bud
(epithelium) and metanephric
blastema (mesenchymal tissue)

46
Q

What does the mesenchyme secrete to induce ureteric bud development?

A

GDNF morphogen

47
Q

Knockouts for what prevents ureteric bud from branching?

A

GDNF, GDNFR or Ret knockouts

BIOL211 Cell Biology (19 decks)

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