Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

Define extracellular mediator

A

An extracellular stimulus to a cell

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2
Q

What kind of general affects can an extracellular mediator have on a cell after interacting with the plasma membrane?

A

Modifications of cellular metabolism, function, movement

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3
Q

What kind of general affects can an extracellular mediator have on a cell after interacting with the nuclear membrane?

A

Modifications to gene expression, development

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4
Q

How do hydrophobic signals interact with the plasma membrane?

A

Can easily cross it / diffuse across it due to being hydrophobic

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5
Q

List three hydrophobic cell signals

A

Steroids, retinoids, thyroxine

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6
Q

Steroids, retinoids and thyroxine are all examples of what?

A

Hydrophobic cell signals

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7
Q

Compare the terms ‘endocrine’ , ‘autocrine’ and ‘paracrine’ when describing cell signals

A

Endocrine: Long range signals (usually blood borne hormones

Autocrine: Same cell signals (usually growth factors or cytokines

Paracrine: Short range signal from nearby cells (usually growth factors or cytokines)

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8
Q

What general type of effects do hormones have on target cells?

A

Short-term metabolic effects

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9
Q

What general type of effects do growth factors have on target cells?

A

Long-term proliferation/developmental effects

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10
Q

What general type of effects do steroid hormones have on target cells?

A

Long term

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11
Q

What distance do steroid hormones usually act at for cell signalling?

A

Autocrine (same cell)

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12
Q

What kinds of pathways are GCPR involved in?

A

Metabolism and movement
Can sometimes be involved in gene expression

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13
Q

Give an example of a receptor with intrinsic serine kinase

A

TGF-beta receptors (phosphorylate transcription factors)

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14
Q

Give three examples of a receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor receptor

Insulin receptor

Epidermal Growth Factor receptor

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15
Q

Give an example of a cytokine receptor linked to tyrosine kinase

A

Cytokine receptor -> Interleukin-3 receptor

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16
Q

Compare receptors with intrinsic kinase activity to receptors linked to tyrosine kinases

A

Intrinsic: Kinase is part of the monomer activated after dimerisation

Linked: Receptor does not have kinase activity itself but interacts with a seperate kinase associated with the receptor

All other structural domains are the same

17
Q

What do ion channel receptors such as transient receptor potential (TRP) channels perceive?

A

Important for temperature perception, thermoperception, chilli

18
Q

Give an example of an ion channel receptor involved in cell signalling?

A

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels

19
Q

Define ‘second messenger’

A

Intracellular metabolite or ion, which couples an extracellular stimulus to a physiological response

20
Q

Why do second messengers need to be small?

A

So that concentration of them can be increased very quickly, by synthesis, release from a store, and decreased very quickly, by breaking down or sequestering them