intro to concepts of pathology Flashcards
pathology definiton
the branch of medicine that investigates the essential nature, origin, and path of disease structural and functional changes produced by a disease
pathologist
examines laboratory samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes
clinical pathology vs anatomical pathology
use of laboratory analysis of body fluid vs examination of tissue to diagnose and apply solutions to clinical problems
pathogenesis
the development of unhealthy conditions or disease biologic mechanism
germ theory
mid 1800s states many diseases are caused by microorganisms and environment and hereditary factors influence the severity of disease
homeostasis
the body’s ability to maintain its internal environment in a constant state of equilibrium despite external influences.
illness
the result of an imbalance in the body’s ability to regulate the internal environment.
executive functions - intellectual disability
cortical functions involved in formulating goals and planning, initiating, monitoring, and maintaining behavior
behavior - intellectual disability
not only overt motor behavior but also affective and social behavior
information processing
speed with which information travels from one part of the brain to another ie. auditory or visual processing disorder
memory deficits
: result from a failure to store or retrieve information ie. short term, long term
health
more accurately viewed as a continuum on which wellness is on one end as the optimum level of function and illness so unfavorable as to result in death is on the other
is a dynamic process that varies with changes in interactions between an individual and his or her environment
ilness vs disease
Illness is the perception and response of the person to not being well.
Disease is a biologic or psychologic alteration that results in a malfunction of a body organ or system. Usually describes a biomedical condition.
acute illness/disease
Usually refers to an illness or disease that has a relatively rapid onset and short duration.
Not synonymous with “severe.”
chronic illness/disease
Illnesses that include one or more of the following characteristics:
Permanent impairment or disability
Residual physical or cognitive disability
Need for special rehabilitation or long-term medical management
disability
The ADA defines a person with a disability as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activity, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment
20% of the U.S. population or 61 million people currently live with a disability
disability medical model
a consequence of a health condition caused by a trauma
disrupts the functioning of a person in a physiological or cognitive way
disability functional model
caused by a physical medical or cognitive deficits
limits functioning or ability to perform activityies
social model of disability
activites are limited not by the impairment or condition but by environemnt
biomedical model
Mid-19th century
Explains disease as a result of malfunctioning organs or cells
Focuses on cause-and-effect relationships but does not take into account psychosocial components of disease
Predominant model used by physicians in diagnosing disease
biopsychosocial model
Broad view that attributes disease outcomes to several factors
Biologic: genetic, biochemical
Psychological: mood, personality, behavior
Social: cultural, familial, socioeconomic
Complex interaction of attributes
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)
Framework use by the World Health Organization (WHO) to classify and code information about health and provide standard language for functioning, disability, and health
ICF components include these:
Body functions and structures
Activities and participation
Environmental and personal factors
ICF
It is a classification of health and health-related domains – domains that help us to describe changes in body function and structure, what a person with a health condition can do in a standard environment (their level of capacity), as well as what they actually do in their usual environment (their level of performance
ICF classificarions
These domains are classified from body, individual and societal perspectives by means of:
body functions and structure
activity
participation
icf body functions and structures defintion
are defined as physiologic or psychologic functions of body systems or parts
disease prevention
Preventive medicine is categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Primary prevention is intervening before health effects occur
Secondary prevention is screening to identify diseases
Tertiary prevention is managing disease post diagnosis
