cellular pathology Flashcards
what is pathology
the study of disease
what happens to cells with pathology
it is challenged to maintain homeostasis
what happens if cells are unable to adapt
cell death
what keeps the cell in balance
the cell membrane
what are some cellular adaptations
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
atrophy
metaplasia
external stimuli
trauma, temperatur, bacteria
internal stimuli
oxygen, pH, blood glucose
what is hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia* myocytes in heart and neurons in brain do not
example of physiologic hyperplasia
due to a normal stressor or initiator; menstrual cycle
example of pathologic hyperplasia
endometriosis - female uterus becomes unusually thick
what is hypertrophy
increase in size of cell
physiologic example of hypertrophy
skeletal muscle lifting weights
pathological hypertrophy example
left ventricle hypertrophy due to high BP
what is cell atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size
physiological example of atrophy
decrease uterus size after pregn
pathological atrophy example
; loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage
what is metaplasia
conversion of one cell type to another (precursor to cancer)
. the epithelium is normal in appearance but in an abnormal location
what is cell injury
Cell injury occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment
what is hypoxia
decreased oxygen
what is ischemia
decreased blood flow
what are the 2 types of cellular injury
reversible and irreversible
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death in response to damage to DNA or normal growth and development
no inflammatory response
what is necrosis
uncontrolled cell death Inflammatory reaction in necrosis only
what is avascular necrosis
Avascular necrosis: death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Also called osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone’s eventual collapse caused by joint or bone trauma, fatty deposits in blood vessels, sickle cell anemia
what is cellular accumulation
accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of damage to the cell (external factor) or genetic abnormality (internal factor)
shoulder calcification PT implications
shoulder impingement
cellular accumulations of calcium
Patients who have hypercalcemia have deposition of the calcium within normal or abnormal tissue
cellular accumulations of protein
neurofibrillary tangles seen in alziemer disease
cellular accumulations of iron
two types of iron accumulation: hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis
what is hemosiderosis
Hemosiderosis: accumulation of iron in organs
Liver, pancreas
what is hemochromatosis
accumulation of Iron in parenchymal cells
CHF, Diabetes, Cirrhosis
cellular accumulation of fat
organs most commonly affected are the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle
cellular accumulation of cholestrol
blood vessels
cellular accumulation of glycogen
Liver and skeletal muscles, typically due to genetic disorder
cellular accumulation of figments
exogenous and endogenous
what is cellular aging
The process of becoming older, a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated
Telomeres –> protect the end of chromosomes with each cell division they shorten –> /
eventually DNA is interpreted as nonfunctional
PT implications for muscular atrophy
Therapeutic Exercises
Strength Training
Aquatic Therapy
Standing Programs
Respiratory Management
Feeding
Skeletal and Scoliosis Management
Assistive Devices
PT implications for avascular necrosis
decrease load with assistive device
maintain joint mobility
strengthen muscles
E-stim and US for stimulating bone growth
physiological example of metaplasia
cervical ectopy; cellular replacement in presence of estrogen
pathological adaptation of metaplasia
conversion of columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in airways of individuals who smoke
examples of cell injury
hypoxia:decreased O2
ischemia: decreased blood flow
Physical and Chemical agents
Trauma
Infection
whats vulnerable to cell injury
DNA
Cell Membranes
Protein Generation
ATP Production
initiation of apoptosis
caspases is a catalyst and causes cell death
liquefactive necrosis
transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass most often in high fat and low protein organs (brain) or high enzymatic content (pancreas) bacteria, virus, paras
fat necrosis
: inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells most common in breast tissue trauma
hemosiderosis
: accumulation of iron in organs
Liver, pancreas
hemochromatosis
accumulation of Iron in parenchymal cells
CHF, Diabetes, Cirrhosis
