Intro to Cariology (Amaechi 1) Flashcards
Nature of any disease determines ______, ______, and ______.
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
Definition:
Caries –> ______
Dental caries –> ________
- Rot (Decay)
- Decay of the teeth
Caries are the progressive destruction of mineralized tissues of teeth (enamel, dentin, or cementum) initiated by _______ on __________ at the ______.
- Microbial activity
- Fermentable dietary carbohydrates
- Tooth surface
Caries are NOT ______, ______, and ______.
- Erosion
- Abrasion
- Attrition
Demineralization of the tooth tissue occurs under _____ condition, while remineralization occurs under ______ condition.
- Acidic
- Neutral
A caries lesion results when the rate of _______ exceeds the rate of ________ over an extended period of time. Leads to _______ (white spot lesion).
- Demineralization
- Remineralization
- Early or incipient caries
After a white-spot lesion is formed, a ______ lesion (overt or frank lesion) can develop.
Cavitated
Once a cavitated lesion forms, there can be _____ involvement and ______ invasion. This can lead to _____ (pain) and _____ death. In some cases, _____ tissues can be infected and an _____ can form.
- Dentin
- Bacterial
- Pulpitis
- Pulp
- Periapical
- Abscess
Current conception of caries etiology
- Host
- Agent
- Environment
3 Primary factors in caries etiology:
- Agent: _______
- Host: _______
- Environment: _______
- Cariogenic “bacteria” (in dental plaque)
- Susceptible “tooth surface”
- Substrate (“diet”) (fermentable carbohydrate)
Cariogenic bacterial plaque + suitable local substrate = ________
Organic acids
Organic acids (in plaque) + Tooth tissue = ________
Loss of tooth mineral
Demineralized tooth tissue + Bacterial proteolytic enzymes = _______
Cavitation
In the 3 primary factors in caries etiology, the substrate could be one’s ______.
Diet
When the proportion of s. mutans is greater than _____ in plaque, a patient is at high risk for caries.
10%
Caries is a _____ infectious _____ disease.
- Transmissible
- Bacterial
The oral cavity of man is sterile at birth, but 3 month old infants were found to be infected with ______ associated with developmental oral nodules.
S. mutans
Infection with SM early in childhood is by transmission from _______, _______, or _______.
- Parents
- Playmates
- Carers
Mode of transmission includes any behavior allowing contact with _______, such as kissing, pacifiers cleaned in mother’s mouth, pre-tasting, sucking adult fingers, and sharing food or utensils.
Adult saliva
Successful oral implantation is related to the magnitude of inoculum, which includes high ______ level and poor ______ in mother.
- S. mutans
- Oral hygiene
Early infection of infant with SM is associated with high and early caries activity in childhood. Control should start before the birth of a child by control of ______ in the mother and potential carers.
Caries activities
Caries is dependent on dietary _____ and _____ of eating.
- Sucrose
- Frequency
Caries is modified by the _____ ____ of the tooth.
Inherent nature (incisors vs. molars)
The _____ and _____ of mineral content of the tooth determines its resistance to caries.
- Amount
- Type
The secondary or modifying factors of caries etiology (oral environment factors)
-Time
-Oral environmental factors:
saliva, protein, calcium & phosphate, fluoride, plaque, chewing gum, sealants, antibacterial agent
Factors that influence the cariogenicity of the diet
- Type (fermentable carb.)
- Frequency of consumption
- Physical characteristics (consistency, detergency/oral clearance)
- Amount
Factors that influence the quantitative and qualitative nature of bacteria
- Diet
- Oral hygiene
- Fluoride in plaque
Factors that influence the resistance of the tooth to bacteria
- Morphology
- Chemical Composition (fluoride conc., carbonate level, trace elements, etc.)
- Surface composition of enamel
- Crystallinity of OH-apatite (mineralization)
- Ultrastructure
The secondary or modifying factors of caries etiology (personal factors)
- Socio-demographic status
- Income
- Insurance
- Dental visits
- Knowledge
- Attitudes
- Personal/cultural beliefs
- Oral health literacy
- Behavior
- Education
Factors of the saliva that influence caries
- Composition
- Flow rate
- Buffering capacity
- pH
- Cleansing
- Hydrolysis of substrate
- Antibacterial action
______ is a very effective buffer.
High salivary flow rate
A stimulated salivary flow rate under ____ mL/min is associated with high caries risk.
0.7 mL/min
The balance between demineralization and remineralization can be altered by the _______.
Rate of salivary flow
Caries is a _____ disease due to ______ by calcium, phosphate, and fluoride.
- Reversible
- Remineralization
Caries is a preventable disease by changing the local biochemistry of the oral environment can be achieved by _____ application, change in _____ habit, _____ stimulation, and change in ______ attitude.
- Fluoride
- Dietary
- Saliva
- Oral hygiene
Pathological factors of caries
- Acid producing bacteria
- Sub-normal saliva flow or functions
- Reduced fluoride availability
- Frequent intake of fermentable carbohydrate
Protective factors of caries
- Good oral hygiene
- Good saliva flow and components
- Topical fluoride application
- Sealants
- Use of other anticaries & remineralizing agents
