intro to cardiac

Question 1

What makes S1 sounds?

Answer 1

The “ lub” is the first heart sound, commonly termed S1, and is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole

Question 2

What makes s2 sounds?

Answer 2

The second sound,” dub” or S2, is caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole.

Question 3

Diastole

Answer 3

relaxation-ventricles fill in preparation for contraction, all 4 relax together

Question 4

Systole

Answer 4

contraction of atria and ventricles, atria contract first then ventricles

Question 5

cardiac output

Answer 5

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute 4-6 L/min

Question 6

SA node rate

Answer 6

60-100 impulses/min

Question 7

AV node

Answer 7

30-40 impulses/min

Question 8

repolarization

Answer 8

resting

Question 9

depolarization

Answer 9

contraction

Question 10

stroke volume

Answer 10

the amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat 60-130 Ml

Question 11

Preload

Answer 11

degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole

Question 12

Afterload

Answer 12

resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

Question 13

Normal BP

Answer 13

120/80

Question 14

When is BP considered high

Answer 14

> 140/90

Question 15

Pulse pressure

Answer 15

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Normal: 30-40 mm Hg, indicates how well pt maintains cardiac output

Question 16

Pulse deficit

Answer 16

difference apical and radial pulse rates

Question 17

Thrill

Answer 17

A vibration where abnormal, turbulent blood flow is present. Detected with palm of hand. Associated with a loud murmur. May indicate valvular heart disease, septal defect or stenosis.

Question 18

The period between S1 and S2 corresponds with ____

Answer 18

ventricular systole

Question 19

What is hemodynamic monitoring?

Answer 19

The use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular functioning

Question 20

Where are patients requiring hemodynamic monitoring cared for?

Answer 20

Critical care units

Question 21

MAP what is the norm

Answer 21

60-70 mmHg for adequate perfusion. It is an approximation of the average pressure in the systemic circulation through the cardiac cycle

Question 22

What is the cvp?

Answer 22

The pressure in the superior vena cava. It is measured with a central venous line.

Question 23

Normal CVP

Answer 23

2-6 mmHg

Question 24

Elevated CVP indicates

Answer 24

increase in blood volume as a result of sodium and water retention, excessive IV fluids, alterations in fluid balance or kidney failure

Question 25

What does a decreased CVP indicate

Answer 25

a decrease in circulating blood volume and may be a result of fluid imbalances, hemorrhage or severe vasodilation, with pooling of blood in the extremities that limits venous return

Question 26

Measuring CVP-where is the transducer

Answer 26

At the right atrium, at the mid axillary line at the fourth intercostal space. The zero point on the transducer needs to be at the level of the right atrium.

Question 27

How should the patient be positioned for CVP

Answer 27

Pt supine with HOB at 45 degrees and relaxed so that a false reading is not received