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MoD > intro to carcinogenesis (neoplasm 1) > Flashcards

intro to carcinogenesis (neoplasm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor originates in epithelium

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2
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor originates in mesechyme

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3
Q

merkel cell carcinoma

A

neuroendocrine tumor of skin

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4
Q

osteoma

A

benign tumor of bone

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5
Q

where is BRCA 1 located on chromosomes

A

17

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6
Q

where is BRCA 2 located on a chromosme

A

13

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7
Q

where is cancer mestastases to bone most common

A

vertebral column

pelvis

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8
Q

how do. pro-carcinogens get converted to carcinogens

A

by cytochrome P450

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9
Q

How can extrinsic factors for cancers be categorised

A

Behavioural
environmental

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10
Q

How can reproductive history in a women be related to cancer

A

History of long term exposure of oestrogen that is unopposed by progesterone can increase risk of cancer

E.g. later pregnancies

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11
Q

How does epstein barr virus act as a carcinogen

A

Infect B lymphocytes and promotes cell survival and proliferation

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12
Q

How does HIV act as a carcinogen

A

Indirectly lowers immunity allowing other carcinogenic infections to occur

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13
Q

How many alleles must be inactivated in tumour suppressor genes for neoplastic growth

A

2

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14
Q

How many alleles of proto-oncogenes need to be activated for neoplastic growth

A

1

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15
Q

In what stages of carcinogenesis are chemicals involved in

A

Initiation and promotion

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16
Q

Neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells, persists after the initial stimulus is removed

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17
Q

Radiation therapy causes single and double stranded

A

DNA breaks

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18
Q

What advantages do germline mutations have in carcinogenesis

A

The germline mutation allows for neoplastic cells to have a head start in carcinogenesis

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19
Q

What are examples of indirect infectious carcinogens

A

Hepatitis B and C
Parasitic flukes
Helicobacter pylori

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20
Q

What are some behavioural factors associated with causes of cancer

A

High BMI
Low fruit and vegetable intake (Colorectal cancers)
Lack of physical activity
smoking
Alcohol use

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21
Q

What are some enviromental factors associated with causes of cancer

A

Chemicals
Radiation
viruses

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22
Q

What are some intrinsic factors for causes of cancer

A

Age-Older age more at risk
Gender-Related to hormones
Heredity

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23
Q

What are the 2 categories of neoplasm

A

Benign
Malignant

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24
Q

What are the 2 methods in which infections can cause carcinogenesis

A

Directly by affecting genes that control cell growth

Indirectly by causing chronic tissue damage resulting in regeneration

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25
Q

What are the 2 pathways in cell signalling pathways for carcinogenesis

A

Mutation in Ras

Lack of pRb

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26
Q

What are the 3 general stages of neoplasia

A

Initiation
Promotion
progression

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27
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer

A

1.self-sufficiency in growth signals;
2.resistance to growth stop signals;
3.no limit on the number of times a cell can divide (cell immortalisation);
4/sustained ability to induce new blood vessels (angiogenesis);
5.resistance to apoptosis;
6.the ability to invade and produce metastases

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28
Q

What are the different classifications of mutagenic chemical carcinogens

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - cigarette smoke

aromatic amines - cigarette smoke

N-nitroso compounds - smoked foods

Alkylating agents -

natural products - asbestos, aspergillus

29
Q

What can asbestos act as in regards to carcinogenesis

A

Initiator and promotor

30
Q

What cancer(s) are associated with Asbestos?

A

mesothelioma

bronchogenic carcinoma

31
Q

What do proto-oncogenes code for

A

Growth factors
Growth factor receptors
Plasma membrane signal transducers
Intracellular kinases
Transcription factors
Cell cycle regulators
Apoptosis regulators

32
Q

What does E6 inhibit

A

p53

33
Q

What does E7 inhibit

A

pRB

34
Q

What is a complete carcinogen

A

Carcinogen that is a initiator and promotor

35
Q

What is a pro-carcinogen

A

substance that is transformed into a carcinogen by metabolism

36
Q

What is an example of a molecular alteration for growth indefinitely in cancer

A

Telomerase gene activation

37
Q

What is an example of a molecular alteration for induction of new blood vessels in cancer

A

Activation of VEGF expression

38
Q

What is an example of a molecular alteration for invasion and production of metastases in cancer

A

E-Cadherin mutation

39
Q

What is an example of a molecular alteration for resistance to anti-growth signals in cancer

A

CDKN2A gene deletion

40
Q

What is an example of a molecular alteration for resistance to apoptosis in cancer

A

BCL2 gene translocation

41
Q

What is an example of a molecular alteration for self sufficient growth signals in cancer

A

HER2 gene amplification

42
Q

What is an example of infection that is direct carcinogen

A

HPV

43
Q

What is anaplastic tissue?

A

poorly differentiated tissue

44
Q

What is desmoplastic tissue?

A

Fibrous tissue made in response to neoplasm.

45
Q

What is genetic instability

A

high frequency of mutations within genome of cellular lineage

46
Q

What is required for malignant neoplasm

A

Multiple mutations

47
Q

What is the Ames test

A

method that uses bacteria to test if a given chemical can cause mutations in DNA.

48
Q

What is the approximate number of mutations needs for malignant neoplasm

A

10 or less

49
Q

What is the function of BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

Repair double strand DNA breaks

50
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosa due to

A

Mutations in one of 7 genes that effects DNA nucleotide excision repair

51
Q

What occurs in direct DNA damage

A

Altered bases
Single/double strand DNA breaks

52
Q

What occurs in indirect DNA damage

A

Free radical production

53
Q

What proteins does human papilloma virus express

A

E6
E7

54
Q

What type of carcinogen is epstein barr virus

A

indirect

55
Q

What type of condition is hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant

56
Q

What type of genetic condition is xeroderma pigmentosa

A

autosomal recessive

57
Q

When do initiation and promotion lead to neoplasms

A

When proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes affected

58
Q

Which 2 angiogenic growth factors are commonly produced by tumour cells?

A

FGF
VEGF

59
Q

Which cyclin-CDK complex functions to phosphorylate Rb bound to E2F?

A

CyclinD/CDK4

allows E2F to be free drive the transition into the S-phase cell cycle.

Rb mutation allows for constitutively active E2F and uncontrolled cell growth.

60
Q

Which neoplasm is associated with Actinic Keratosis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

61
Q

Which of the BRCA genes is involved with Male Breast Cancer?

A

BRCA2

62
Q

Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by p53?

A

G1 to S

63
Q

Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by Rb (retinoblastoma protein)?

A

G1 to S

64
Q

protein upregulated by tumour suppressor p53 that functions to disrupt Bcl2, thereby causing apoptosis.

A

BAX

decreased BCL2 leads to increase cytochrome c leakage from mitochondria and activates caspases

65
Q

benign tumour of cartilage.

A

chondroma

66
Q

what function of p53

A

tumour suppressor gene that upregulates BAX if DNA damage cannot be repaired.

67
Q

what is the function of Rb

A

tumour suppressor protein that “holds” the E2F transcription factor needed for the transition into S-phase.

68
Q

what is telomerase

A

enzyme involved with DNA replication that is often upregulated in cancer, thereby resulting in neoplastic cells having preserved telomeres.

MoD (8 decks)

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