chronic inflammation Flashcards
What are giant cells?
multinucleate cells via fusion of macrophages
What are langhans giant cells?
giant cells type that has nuclei arranged in horseshoe shaped pattern
how are polymorphs in acute inflammation removed?
by macrophages
what are skip lesions?
inflammation that skip parts of the bowel
common causes of cirrhosis
alcohol
fatty liver disease
infection
immunological
complications of liver cirrhosis
portal hypertension
liver failure
hepatocellular carcinoma
What are some drug causes of Chronic peptic ulcer?
NSAID
Alcohol
Cigarettes
steroids
What are some other examples of granulomatous infections?
leprosy
Syphilis
chronic fungal infections
“cat-scratch” disease
What are some unknown causes of granulomatous inflammation
Sarcoidosis
Wegener’s granulomatosis
crohn’s disease
what are the 2 main types of inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
What are the 2 types of granulomas?
Foreign body granulomas - particles poorly soluble
Immune granulomas - cell mediated
What are the categories of causes for granulomatous inflammation?
Mildly irritant foreign body
Infections
unknown causes
What are the causes of Chronic peptic ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori
hyperacidity
What are the general effects of chronic inflammation?
Fibrosis
Impaired function
Atrophy
Stimulation of immune response
what are the outcomes of tuberculosis?
Arrest(Stopped progression)
Erosion into bronchus
Tuberculous empyema (collection of pus)
Erosion into blood stream
What are the types of giant cells (3)
Langhans giant cell
Foreign body type
Touton type giant cell
What are touton type giant cell?
multinucleated giant cell seen in lesions with high lipid content
What cells involved in chronic inflammation?
macrophages
lymphocytes
plasma cells
fibroblasts
What class of cytokines do macrophages produce?
IL
TNF
What factors does macrophages release to control other cells (3)
EGF (epidermal growth factor)
FGF (Fibroblast growth factor)
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
What gender more affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
3:1
female:male
What histological feature is missing in gallbladder?
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
thyrotoxicosis (graves disease)?
autoimmune disease
enlarged thyroid
increased t4/t3 and reduced TSH
What immunological condition can lead to liver cirrhosis?
Primary biliary cholangitis
What infection can cause cirrhosis?
Hepatitis B and C
what is a caseating granuloma?
caseous necrosis occuring centralling in granuloma
What is a granuloma?
Organised collection of epitheliod cells (modified macrophages)
What is a infectious cause of granulomatous inflammation?
Myobacteria: Tuberculosis, leprosy or fungi
What is an example of a foreign material cause of granulomatous inflammation?
Suture material
What is an important component of tuberculosis structure?
Cell wall lipid made of Mycosides
What is chronic cholecystitis?
inflammation of gallbladder
cystic duct obstruction
What is chronic inflammation?
long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years
What is empyema?
collection of pus in the pleural cavity
What is fistula formation?
abnormal connection between two hollow spaces
What is formed as a result of cell mediated immunity with tuberculosis
epithelioid granuloma
Caseous necrosis
what is granulation tissue?
new connective tissue that develops during healing process
What is granulomatous inflammation?
Chronic inflammation with granulomas
What is inflammatory bowel disease?
idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting large and small bowel
what is miliary TB?
type of tuberculosis that has spread beyond your lungs
What is sclerosis?
stiffening of a tissue or anatomical feature
What is the appearance of plasma cells?
Basophillic cytoplasm
Clock face arragement
What is the key cell involved in chronic inflammation
Macrophage
What is the mnemonic for Chronic cholecystitis?
The 5 F’s:
Female
Fair
Fat
Fertile
Forty
What is the role of foreign body granulomas?
Deal with particles that are poorly soluble
What is transmural inflammation?
All layers of the bowel wall may be inflamed
What occurs in crohn’s disease?
Skip lesions
granulomas
transmural infections
fibrosis
obstruction
fistula formation
anal lesions
What occurs to fibroblasts in chronic inflammation
Proliferation with collagen production leads to fibrosis
What organism is Tuberculosis caused by?
Mycobacteria Tuberculosis
What part of stomach affected in autoimmune gastritis?
Fundus
body
What process of blood vessels occurs in chronic inflammation?
Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels
What processes occur in ulcertaive colitis?
large bowel Mucosal inflammation
malignant change
What receptor does macrophage have to detect Mycobacterium
CR3
What structures does crohns disease affect?
Small bowel and large bowel
What structures does ulcerative colitis affect?
large bowel mainly
What type of cell mainly seen in chronic gastritis?
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
What type of cell mainly seen in rheumatoid arthritis?
Plasma cells
What type of cells seen in leishmaniasis (protozoal infection)
Macrophages
When does a foreign body granuloma form
Foreign bodies or organisms that are difficult to eliminate
When does chronic inflammation occur in relation to acute inflammation?
When damage is significant then repair and scarring occur
When does immune granulomas arise?
cell mediated immunity
Where is the common site for chronic peptic ulcers?
Antrum
first part of duodenum
