Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MoD > Atheroma/ Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Atheroma/ Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries and arterioles from any cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is Atheroma

A

Accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipids in intima and media of large and medium sized arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In a stroke thromboembolism travels to what vessels

A

Cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The foam cells seen in the development of atherosclerosis are derived from macrophages and what cells???

A

smooth muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 2 cells engulf oxidised lipids to form foam cells

A

Macrophages and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cholesterol clefts

A

small open space filled with a type of fat called cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some early microscopic changes seen in atherosclerosis

A

Accumulation of foam cells
proliferation of smooth muscle cells
extracellular lipid deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some examples of medium sized arteries affected in atherosclerosis

A

Coronary
renal
cerebral
mesenteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some later changes that occur with atherosclerosis

A

fibrosis
necrosis
calcification
cholesterol clefts
ingrowth of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some other risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

Lack of exercise
obesity
soft water
oral contraceptive pill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some prevention and interventions for atherosclerosis

A

No smoking
decrease fat intake
treat hypertension
aspirin
manage alcohol intake
Good glycemic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 chronological stages for plaque formation in atherosclerosis

A

Fatty streak
simple plaque
complicated plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 types of cerebral ischaemia

A

Transient ischaemic attack
Cerebral infarction
multi-infarct dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the cellular events leading to formation of atherosclerosis

A

Chronic endothelial injury
Endothelial dysfunction
Smooth muscle emerge from media to intima
macrophage and smooth muscle cells engulf accumulated lipids and form foam cells
smooth muscle proliferate due to cytokines and growth factors
Collagen and matrix is deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the common sites for atherosclerosis

A

aorta
coronary arteries
carotid arteries
cerebral arteries
arteries of legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the consequences of ischaemic heart disease

A

Myocardial infarction
angina pectoris
chronic congestive cardiac failure
sudden death from arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the effects of erosion of luminal surface of plaque in atherosclerosis

A

thrombus formation occurs
can discharge debris leading to micro-emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the effects of mesenteric ischaemia

A

Ischaemic colitis
malabsorption
intestinal infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the features of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

10-15cm in diameter
lined with thrombus
may rupture and produce emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the key cells involved in atherogenesis

A

Endothelial cells
platelets
smooth muscle cells
macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis(9)

A

Age (non-modifiable)
Gender (non-modifiable)
Hyperlipidaemia
Smoking
Hypertension
Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus
Alcohol
Geography
CIVILISATION & DIET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can cause chronic endothelial injury in atherosclerosis

A

Raised LDL
Toxins
hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What condition can result from atherosclerosis of aorta

A

aneurysm rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What condition can result from atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries

A

stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What condition can result from atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries

A

ischaemic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What condition can result from atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries

A

Distal gangrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What conditions are associated with peripheral vascular disease

A

Intermittent claudication
ischaemic rest pain
gangrene
leriche syndrome

28
Q

What does AAA or triple A stand for

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

29
Q

What do platelets release in atherosclerosis

A

platelet derived growth factors

30
Q

What is a fatty streak

A

first grossly visible lesion that forms in development of atherosclerosis

31
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

Location dilatation of artery due to weakening of wall

32
Q

What is prostacyclin

A

platelet activation inhibitor

33
Q

What is the appearance of a fatty streak

A

Yellow
slightly raised

34
Q

What is the appearance of a simple plaque

A

Raised yellow/white
1cm in diameter
irregular outline

35
Q

What is the effect of complicated plaque formation in aorta

A

weakening of wall
aneurysm formation

36
Q

What is the function of elastic lamina

A

tissue that separates tunica intima and tunica media

37
Q

What is the fundamental lesion seen in atherosclerosis

A

plaque

38
Q

What is the mechanism of acute myocardial infarction in relation to ischaemic heart disease

A

acute severe coronary obstruction

39
Q

What is the mechanism of angina pectoris in relation to ischaemic heart disease

A

excess demand on heart
chronic obstruction

40
Q

what is the mechanism of chronic heart failure in relation to ischaemic heart disease

A

multiple small infarcts accumulate leading to chronic obstruction

41
Q

What is the mechanism of sudden cardiac death in relation to ischaemic heart disease

A

An old infarct triggers acute LV arrhythmia

42
Q

What is the most common location for atherosclerosis?

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

A CoP Car

43
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells in atherogenesis

A

Alter permeability to lipoproteins
secrete collagen

stimulate the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells

44
Q

What is the role of macrophages in atherogenesis

A

Become foam cells
secrete proteases which modify matrix

stimulate the proliferation and
maturation of smooth muscle cells

45
Q

What is the role of platelets in atherogenesis

A

Stimulate proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells

46
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle cells in atherogenesis

A

Take up LDL and become foam cells
synthesise collagen and proteoglycans

47
Q

what is the triad for Leriche syndrome

A

Claudication of buttocks and thighs

absent of decreased femoral pulses

erectile dysfunction

48
Q

What makes up the crystals commonly seen in Atherosclerotic plaque?

A

cholesterol

49
Q

What molecule does smoking reduce in relation to atherosclerosis

A

prostacyclin

50
Q

What occurs in complicated atheromatous plaque

A

Erosion of luminal surface of plaque
haemorrhage into plaque
plaque rupture
thrombus superimposed

51
Q

What occurs in endothelial dysfunction of atherosclerosis

A

Platelet adhesion occurs and Platelet derived growth factor released

monocytes accumulate within intima and release growth factors and cytokines

T lymphocytes attracted to area

52
Q

What occurs to the luminal surface of plaque in complicated atheromatous plaque

A

Rupture and ulceration of the luminal surface of the plaque

53
Q

What processes occur in the formation of a complicated plaque

A

Calcification
thrombosis
haemorrhage into plaque

54
Q

What undergoes atherosclerosis in a stroke

A

Carotid arteries

55
Q

What vessels does atherosclerosis affect

A

large and medium arteries

56
Q

What vessels does atherosclerosis not affect

A

veins

57
Q

When is flow in artery affected due to obstruction

A

When lumen is reduced by 70-80%
<1mm diameter

58
Q

Where do lipids deposit in fatty stream formation

A

intima

59
Q

Where do monocytes accumulate in atherosclerosis

A

intima

60
Q

Where do simple plaques usually occur

A

near ostia - opening of vessel

61
Q

Where do smooth muscles emigrate to in atherosclerosis

A

Media to intima

62
Q

Which receptor does oxidised LDL bind to when it is taken up into Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

A

SR-A ; Scavenger Receptor A

63
Q

“blank” occurs over ruptured “blank” resulting in “blank”

A

Coronary thrombosis…..occur over ruptured ……atheromatous plaques……..resulting in……myocardial infarction…..

64
Q

“blanks” are a form of Macrophage commonly seen in atherosclerosis that have taken up and accumulated LDL molecules.

A

Foam Cells………are a form of Macrophage commonly seen in atherosclerosis that have taken up and accumulated LDL molecules.

65
Q

“blanks” and “blank” are 2 growth factors involved with the smooth muscle cell migration that occurs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

A

PDGF….and……FGF……are 2 growth factors involved with the smooth muscle cell migration that occurs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

MoD (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions