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MoD > cellular adaptations > Flashcards

cellular adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Endometrial “blank” due to increased “blank” can lead to “blank”

A

Endometrial …..hyperplasia…..due to increased……oestrogens…..can lead to…….Adenocarcinoma…

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2
Q

Epidermal growth factor is mitogenic for which cells (3)

A

Epithelial
Hepatocytes
fibroblasts

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3
Q

Glandular metaplasia in oesophagus can lead to?

A

adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

How are Cyclin-CDK complexes regulated

A

CDK inhibitors

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5
Q

How can cells increase growth in relation to cell cycle

A

Shorten the cell cycle
Convert quiescent cells to proliferating cells and have them enter cell cycle

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6
Q

How do activated CDKs drive the cell cycle

A

phosphorylation of proteins essential for cell cycle transitions

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7
Q

How do CDKs become active

A

Binding with cyclins

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8
Q

How is cell proliferation controlled

A

Signals from microenviroment which can either stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation

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9
Q

How is progression through cell cycle regulated

A

Through proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)

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10
Q

How often does gut epithelium turn over

A

every 24 hours

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11
Q

In what cell populations can hyperplasia occur in

A

Labile
Stable

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12
Q

In what conditions does proliferation occur

A

Physiological
Pathological

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13
Q

Squamous metaplasia in bladder can lead to WHAT?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

Squamous metaplasia in bronchus can lead to “WHAT” and “WHAT”

A

Squamous metaplasia in bronchus can lead to……Dysplasia…..and….squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

Squamous metaplasia in cervix can lead to what?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What 2 processes can occur when harmful agent is cause of injury

A

Resolution
Scar formation

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17
Q

What are examples of metaplasia

A

Bronchial pseudostratified ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

Barrett’s oesophagus

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18
Q

What are some examples of pathological atrophy

A

Loss of endocrine stimulus: Breast, reproductive organs

Persistent injury: polymyositis

Aging: senile atrophy

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19
Q

What are some examples of pathological hyperplasia

A

Eczema
Thyroid goitre in iodine deficiency

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20
Q

What are some examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Ventricular cardiac muscle hypertrophy due to hypertension

Bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy

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21
Q

What are some physiological examples of hyperplasia

A

Endometrium proliferation under the control of oestrogen

Bone marrow production of Erythrocytes due to hypoxia

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22
Q

What are some physiological examples of hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle
Pregnant uterus

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23
Q

What are the 2 different meanings of dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell development with abnormal cell cycle leading to cancer

Abnormal development and maturation of organ

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24
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of cell signalling

A

Survive
divide
differentiate
die

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25
Q

What are the 5 main types of cell adaptation

A

Regeneration
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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26
Q

What are the causes of atrophy

A

Reduced functional demand
Loss of innervation
Inadequate blood supply (peripheral vascular disease)
Inadequate nutrition (Sarcopenia)

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27
Q

What are the conditions for hyperplasia

A

Remains under physiological control

Reversible

Can occur secondary to pathological cause

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28
Q

What are the pathological causes of hyperplasia

A

Excess hormone stimulation
growth factor production

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29
Q

What are the physiological causes of hyperplasia

A

Hormones
Compensatory

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30
Q

What cells does hypertrophy occur mainly

A

Permanent cells

31
Q

What check point in cancer cells commonly altered

A

r point

32
Q

what do growth factors stimulate (5)

A

cell proliferation
locomotion
contractility
differentiation
angiogenesis

33
Q

what is regeneration?

A

replacement of cells lost by identical cell

34
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in tissue/organ size due to increase in number of cells

35
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in tissue/organ due to increase in cell size

36
Q

what is atrophy?

A

shrinkage of tissue/organ due to decrease in cell size or number

37
Q

what is SLIM disease?

A

in regard to AIDS, individuals have gross body atrophy due to infection and systemic inflammation

38
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

reversible change of one differentiated cell to another

39
Q

what is aplasia?

A

complete failure of specific tissue/organ

40
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

underdevelopment of tissue/organ at embryonic stage

41
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal maturation of cells in tissue

42
Q

What does epidermal growth factor bind to

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

43
Q

What factors does the size of a cell population depend on

A

Rate of cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell death by apoptosis

44
Q

What is an example of physiological atrophy

A

Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal women

45
Q

What is an increased number in cell population seen in

A

increased proliferation or

decreased apoptosis

46
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Metaplasia of squamous epithelia of oesophagus to columnar epithelia with goblet cells

Paneth cells may also be present

47
Q

What is epidermal growth factor produced by(3)

A

Keratinocytes
inflammatory cells
macrophages

KIM

48
Q

What is granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) used for treatment wise

A

Treat poorly functioning bone marrow e.g. chemotherapy and renal failure

49
Q

What is hypertrophy due to

A

Increased functional demand
Hormone stimulation

50
Q

What is involution

A

Physiological atrophy through apoptosis

51
Q

What is metaplasia due to

A

Stem cell differentiation

52
Q

What is organ/tissue atrophy usually due to

A

Cellular atrophy and apoptosis

53
Q

What is platelet-derived growth factor produced by(4)

A

macrophages
endothelial cells
smooth muscle cells
tumour cells

54
Q

What is reconstitution

A

Replacement of lost part of body

55
Q

What is the function of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A

Induce blood vessel development (Vasculogenesis)

Involved in growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)

56
Q

What is the role of platelet derived growth factor

A

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and monocytes

57
Q

What mechanism involved in atrophy

A

Increased protein degradation through ubiquitin proteasome pathway

58
Q

What must a cell do to Die in response to cell signal

A

Undergo apoptosis

59
Q

What must a cell do to Differentiate in response to cell signal

A

Take on specialised form and function

60
Q

What must a cell do to Divide in response to cell signal

A

Enter cell cycle

61
Q

What must a cell do to survive in response to cell signal

A

Resist apoptosis

62
Q

What type of growth factor is epidermal growth factor

A

mitogenic

63
Q

When does resolution occur in relation to harmful agents

A

When harmful agent removed and there is limited tissue damage

64
Q

When does scar formation occur in relation to damage with harmful agents

A

Harmful agent still present
Extensive tissue damage

65
Q

When is platelet-derived growth factor released

A

platelet activation

66
Q

Where is platelet-derived growth factor stored

A

platelet alpha granules

67
Q

Which 3 specific tissues make up permanent tissue?

A

cardiac muscles

skeletal muscles

nerves

68
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin deficiency can result in metaplasia?

A

Vitamin A

69
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin is necessary for the differentiation of specialised epithelial surfaces?

A

vitamin A

70
Q

Which phase specific cell cycle regulatory proteins activate CDKs?

A

cyclins

71
Q

Which type of tissue cannot make new cells and hence only undergoes hypertrophy?

A

permanent tissue

72
Q

“blanks” are proteins/factors whose serum concentrations change significantly in response to inflammation.

A

acute phase reactants

73
Q

“blanks” are protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle and are constitutively expressed in the cell but left inactive.

A

CDKs

74
Q

myositis ossificans

A

metaplastic disorder that involves connective tissue within muscle changing to bone during the healing process following trauma.

MoD (8 decks)

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