cellular adaptations Flashcards
Endometrial “blank” due to increased “blank” can lead to “blank”
Endometrial …..hyperplasia…..due to increased……oestrogens…..can lead to…….Adenocarcinoma…
Epidermal growth factor is mitogenic for which cells (3)
Epithelial
Hepatocytes
fibroblasts
Glandular metaplasia in oesophagus can lead to?
adenocarcinoma
How are Cyclin-CDK complexes regulated
CDK inhibitors
How can cells increase growth in relation to cell cycle
Shorten the cell cycle
Convert quiescent cells to proliferating cells and have them enter cell cycle
How do activated CDKs drive the cell cycle
phosphorylation of proteins essential for cell cycle transitions
How do CDKs become active
Binding with cyclins
How is cell proliferation controlled
Signals from microenviroment which can either stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation
How is progression through cell cycle regulated
Through proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)
How often does gut epithelium turn over
every 24 hours
In what cell populations can hyperplasia occur in
Labile
Stable
In what conditions does proliferation occur
Physiological
Pathological
Squamous metaplasia in bladder can lead to WHAT?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous metaplasia in bronchus can lead to “WHAT” and “WHAT”
Squamous metaplasia in bronchus can lead to……Dysplasia…..and….squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous metaplasia in cervix can lead to what?
squamous cell carcinoma
What 2 processes can occur when harmful agent is cause of injury
Resolution
Scar formation
What are examples of metaplasia
Bronchial pseudostratified ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
Barrett’s oesophagus
What are some examples of pathological atrophy
Loss of endocrine stimulus: Breast, reproductive organs
Persistent injury: polymyositis
Aging: senile atrophy
What are some examples of pathological hyperplasia
Eczema
Thyroid goitre in iodine deficiency
What are some examples of pathological hypertrophy
Ventricular cardiac muscle hypertrophy due to hypertension
Bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy
What are some physiological examples of hyperplasia
Endometrium proliferation under the control of oestrogen
Bone marrow production of Erythrocytes due to hypoxia
What are some physiological examples of hypertrophy
Skeletal muscle
Pregnant uterus
What are the 2 different meanings of dysplasia
Abnormal cell development with abnormal cell cycle leading to cancer
Abnormal development and maturation of organ
What are the 4 outcomes of cell signalling
Survive
divide
differentiate
die
What are the 5 main types of cell adaptation
Regeneration
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia
What are the causes of atrophy
Reduced functional demand
Loss of innervation
Inadequate blood supply (peripheral vascular disease)
Inadequate nutrition (Sarcopenia)
What are the conditions for hyperplasia
Remains under physiological control
Reversible
Can occur secondary to pathological cause
What are the pathological causes of hyperplasia
Excess hormone stimulation
growth factor production
What are the physiological causes of hyperplasia
Hormones
Compensatory
What cells does hypertrophy occur mainly
Permanent cells
What check point in cancer cells commonly altered
r point
what do growth factors stimulate (5)
cell proliferation
locomotion
contractility
differentiation
angiogenesis
what is regeneration?
replacement of cells lost by identical cell
what is hyperplasia?
increase in tissue/organ size due to increase in number of cells
what is hypertrophy?
increase in tissue/organ due to increase in cell size
what is atrophy?
shrinkage of tissue/organ due to decrease in cell size or number
what is SLIM disease?
in regard to AIDS, individuals have gross body atrophy due to infection and systemic inflammation
what is metaplasia?
reversible change of one differentiated cell to another
what is aplasia?
complete failure of specific tissue/organ
what is hypoplasia?
underdevelopment of tissue/organ at embryonic stage
what is dysplasia?
abnormal maturation of cells in tissue
What does epidermal growth factor bind to
Epidermal growth factor receptor
What factors does the size of a cell population depend on
Rate of cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell death by apoptosis
What is an example of physiological atrophy
Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal women
What is an increased number in cell population seen in
increased proliferation or
decreased apoptosis
What is Barrett’s oesophagus?
Metaplasia of squamous epithelia of oesophagus to columnar epithelia with goblet cells
Paneth cells may also be present
What is epidermal growth factor produced by(3)
Keratinocytes
inflammatory cells
macrophages
KIM
What is granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) used for treatment wise
Treat poorly functioning bone marrow e.g. chemotherapy and renal failure
What is hypertrophy due to
Increased functional demand
Hormone stimulation
What is involution
Physiological atrophy through apoptosis
What is metaplasia due to
Stem cell differentiation
What is organ/tissue atrophy usually due to
Cellular atrophy and apoptosis
What is platelet-derived growth factor produced by(4)
macrophages
endothelial cells
smooth muscle cells
tumour cells
What is reconstitution
Replacement of lost part of body
What is the function of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Induce blood vessel development (Vasculogenesis)
Involved in growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
What is the role of platelet derived growth factor
Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and monocytes
What mechanism involved in atrophy
Increased protein degradation through ubiquitin proteasome pathway
What must a cell do to Die in response to cell signal
Undergo apoptosis
What must a cell do to Differentiate in response to cell signal
Take on specialised form and function
What must a cell do to Divide in response to cell signal
Enter cell cycle
What must a cell do to survive in response to cell signal
Resist apoptosis
What type of growth factor is epidermal growth factor
mitogenic
When does resolution occur in relation to harmful agents
When harmful agent removed and there is limited tissue damage
When does scar formation occur in relation to damage with harmful agents
Harmful agent still present
Extensive tissue damage
When is platelet-derived growth factor released
platelet activation
Where is platelet-derived growth factor stored
platelet alpha granules
Which 3 specific tissues make up permanent tissue?
cardiac muscles
skeletal muscles
nerves
Which fat soluble vitamin deficiency can result in metaplasia?
Vitamin A
Which fat soluble vitamin is necessary for the differentiation of specialised epithelial surfaces?
vitamin A
Which phase specific cell cycle regulatory proteins activate CDKs?
cyclins
Which type of tissue cannot make new cells and hence only undergoes hypertrophy?
permanent tissue
“blanks” are proteins/factors whose serum concentrations change significantly in response to inflammation.
acute phase reactants
“blanks” are protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle and are constitutively expressed in the cell but left inactive.
CDKs
myositis ossificans
metaplastic disorder that involves connective tissue within muscle changing to bone during the healing process following trauma.
