Intro To Blood And Hematopoesis Flashcards
What are four functions of blood?
- transport
- homeostasis
- hematostasis
- immunity
What is the fraction of blood that is red cells? Is it coagulated?
- hematocrit
- anticoagulated
What maintains colloid osmotic pressure in blood? Why is this important to maintain?
- Albumin
- maintaing this pressure allows transport of protiens across capillaries
Whats used as a transport protien and has a role in immunity?
Globulin
What are the 5 white blood cells? Which are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?
- granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- agranulocytes: monocyte, lymphocyte
What is hematopoesis? What two things control and mediate hematopoesis?
- creation of blood cells
- trancription factors and hematopoietic regulators
What types of blood cells do pluripotent stem cells give rise to?
ALL types of blood cells
What type of blood cells do multipotent stem cells give rise to?
Give rise to more limited progeny like a single line
How long do erythrocytes live?
120 days
What is a reticulocyte? What can knowing the amount if this tell us? If theres a problem with red cell production, how will the reticulocyte count look like?
- young red cells in the blood, less than two days old, immature red cells
- knowing this value can tell us what type of anemia a patient has
- count will be low
In hemolytic anemia and acute blood loss, how will the reticulocyte count look like?
High
Whats the normal shape of a RBC? What are some advantages of this? What are some examples of protiens that maintain this shape?
- biconcave disk shape
- larger surface to volume ratio than if it was sphere shape, maximized diffusion area, minimizes diffusion distances
- spectrin, actin, ankyrin, band 4.1
What are the two metabolic pathways RBCs go through? What is the percentage of glucose involved in each one?
- glycolysis: 90% glucose
- pentose shunt: 10% glucose
Whats the second most abundant membrane protien in RBCs?
Water channel AQP1
What are four factors that can affect erythropoiesis?
- erythropoietin
- vitamin B12
- folic acid
- iron
What is anemia? What are three causes of it?
- deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood due to decreased RBC production or decreased hemoglobin in cells
- causes: blood loss, decreased production of red cells, increased destruction of red cells
What is erythropoietin? What is the main stimulus to create this? Where does it come from?
- hormone that stimulates erythropoeisis
- hypoxia is the main stimulus
- 85% from kidney, 15% from liver
What is the most essential regulator of red blood cell production? What are 3 examples of this regulator?
- tissue oxygenation
- anemia, high altitude, diseases that affect tissue oxygenation
Why does chronic kidney disease cause anemia?
-most erythropoietin comes from the kidneys, if its diseased then red cell production will be low
What two enzymatic reactions in humans require vitamin b12?
- remethylation of homocysteine to methionine
- isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme A
Cobalamin deficiency leads to deficiency in what? What disease ultimately results from these deficiencies?
- THF
- leads to megaloblastic anemia
Deficency of B12 or folate result in high levels of what?
Homocysteine (Hcy)
How fast is iron absorption from the intestines?
Slow
Each Fe2+ combines with how many molecules of oxygen? Is this reversible?
- 1 molecule of oxygen= 2 atoms of oxygen
- yes, its reversible
How many heme is in one molecule of Hgb? How many iron is there? How many oxygens can they all carry?
- 4 heme
- 4 irons
- 4 molecules of oxygen=8 atoms of oxygen
What is the name for iron deficiency anemia?
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
What happens to iron when RBC is destroyed?
Recycled
What is the normal range of hematocrit in males and females? Hemoglobin? Erythrocyte count?
- Hct: female- 36-46, male- 41-53
- hgb: female - 12-16, male- 13.5-17.5
- erythrocyte: female - 4.3-5.9, male- 3.5-5.5
What is the normal WBC count?
4500-11000
What is the function of eosinophils?
-protective: against allergy like asthma and helminthic and parasitic infections
Function of basophils? What color is their cytoplasm?
- librerates heparin, acts as an anticoag and keeps the blood in fluid state in circulation
- cytoplasm: little basophilic, alot of blue granules
Which blood cell has the biggest nuclei that takes up 90% of the cell area?
Lymphocytes
What are the 3 categories of lymphocytes? And their functions?
- b cells: forms plasma cells that produce antibodies
- t cells: mediate cellular or cell mediated immunity
- NK cells: mediate natural and nonspecific immunity
Which WBC has a horse shoe shape nucleus?
Monocyte
How long is a monocyte’s half life? Then what happens to them?
- 10-72 hours half life
- live on for a few weeks to months as tissue macrophages
What can cause a widened mediastinum?
Bacterial infections, lymphoma, soft tissue mass, aortic aneurysm
If theres a vitamin b12 deficiency, what will be high in the blood? What would be high in the urine?
- blood: homocysteine
- urine: methylmalonic
To convert homocysteine to methionine, what cofactor is needed?
Vitamin b12
Vitamin b12 is needed for what two processes?
- folate metabolism
- dna synthesis
Red cell distributiom width or anisocytosis means?
Is the measure of the variability of the RBC size
What are the three layers (from top to bottom) formed in a test tube after a blood sample has been centrifuged? Whats in them? Which layer is used to give us the hematocrit value?
- plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells
- plasma: protiens and water, buffy: WBCs and platelets, red blood cells
- red blood cell layer gives the hematocrit value
Reduced hematocrit level is seen in what disorder? An increased hematocrit level is seen in what disorder?
- reduced: anemia
- increased: polycythemia
What are “formed element?”
The cellular components like RBCs, WBCs and platelets
What are the 4 main protiens of plasma?
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin
What element is needed to bind 02?
Iron
Plasma protiens are made by what organ?
Liver
From high to low, this the cell ratio between WBC, RBC, and platelets.
-RBCs (in milions), platelets (hundreds of thousands), WBCs (thousands)
What is the ratio of RBC to plasma called?
Hematocrit
How long does the yolk sac do hematopoiesis?
16 days to 10 weeks gestation
How long does the liver do hematopoesis?
6 weeks gestation to birth
After birth, what takes over the job of hematopoiesis?
Bone marrow
Erythrocytes in the liver are called what? Brain? Lungs?
- liver: Kupffer cells
- brain: microglia
- lungs: Aveolar macrophages
Before birth, the main site of hematopoesis is where? Where do you find this?
- Red bone marrow
- in all flat bones and ends of long bones
What gives rise to lymphocytes?
Lymphoid precursors
What gives rise to ALL blood cells EXCEPT lympocytes?
Common myeloid precursor
Starting from a proerythroblast, list the path a cell goes to become an erythrocyte.
-proerythroblast, basophil erythroblast, polychromatophil erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
Which steps of erythropoesis happen in the blood? Which in the bone marrow? Where does Hemoglobin first appear and how do you know?
- all in bone marrow except reticulocyte and erythrocyte
- hbg first appears in the polychromatophil erythroblast stage. First sign of color change here and hgb turns things red
Anemia caused by chronic kidney disease is called?
Normocytic normochromic anemia
What are sources of iron?
Beets, meat, fish, fruits and veges that go brown over time like apples, potatoes, and spinach
Where is irom absorbed?
In the duodenum
Whats the difference between primary and secondary polycythemia?
- primary: defect in bone marrow to make more RBCs
- secondary: problem caused an increase in RBCs
What does Anisocytosis mean?
Abnormal or varying sizes of RBCs
What does Poikilocytosis mean?
Irregular shapes of RBCs
What are Echinocytes?
Burr cell, crenated, leaf shaped, tooth edge shaped RBCs
What are Schistocytes?
Cell fragments
What are Drepanocytes?
Sickle cells
What is the name for RBCs with less color? Normal color?
- hypochromic
- normochromic
What do you call immature cells?
Blasts
Normal MCV is 80-100. What is the value if its microcytic? Macrocytic? What do these values tell you?
- micro: less than 80
- macro: more than 100
- determine anemia
Which WBC is the first line of defense? What is its MAIN function?
- neutrophil
- PHAGOCYTOSIS
Which lymphocytes are small? Which are the large ones?
- small: b and t cells
- large: natural killer cells
Which WBC has a ground glass appearence and is the largest of the 5?
Monocyte
