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Med 2: Cardio > Intro To Blood And Hematopoesis > Flashcards

Intro To Blood And Hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are four functions of blood?

A
  • transport
  • homeostasis
  • hematostasis
  • immunity
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2
Q

What is the fraction of blood that is red cells? Is it coagulated?

A
  • hematocrit

- anticoagulated

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3
Q

What maintains colloid osmotic pressure in blood? Why is this important to maintain?

A
  • Albumin

- maintaing this pressure allows transport of protiens across capillaries

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4
Q

Whats used as a transport protien and has a role in immunity?

A

Globulin

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5
Q

What are the 5 white blood cells? Which are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?

A
  • granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

- agranulocytes: monocyte, lymphocyte

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6
Q

What is hematopoesis? What two things control and mediate hematopoesis?

A
  • creation of blood cells

- trancription factors and hematopoietic regulators

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7
Q

What types of blood cells do pluripotent stem cells give rise to?

A

ALL types of blood cells

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8
Q

What type of blood cells do multipotent stem cells give rise to?

A

Give rise to more limited progeny like a single line

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9
Q

How long do erythrocytes live?

A

120 days

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10
Q

What is a reticulocyte? What can knowing the amount if this tell us? If theres a problem with red cell production, how will the reticulocyte count look like?

A
  • young red cells in the blood, less than two days old, immature red cells
  • knowing this value can tell us what type of anemia a patient has
  • count will be low
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11
Q

In hemolytic anemia and acute blood loss, how will the reticulocyte count look like?

A

High

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12
Q

Whats the normal shape of a RBC? What are some advantages of this? What are some examples of protiens that maintain this shape?

A
  • biconcave disk shape
  • larger surface to volume ratio than if it was sphere shape, maximized diffusion area, minimizes diffusion distances
  • spectrin, actin, ankyrin, band 4.1
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13
Q

What are the two metabolic pathways RBCs go through? What is the percentage of glucose involved in each one?

A
  • glycolysis: 90% glucose

- pentose shunt: 10% glucose

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14
Q

Whats the second most abundant membrane protien in RBCs?

A

Water channel AQP1

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15
Q

What are four factors that can affect erythropoiesis?

A
  • erythropoietin
  • vitamin B12
  • folic acid
  • iron
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16
Q

What is anemia? What are three causes of it?

A
  • deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood due to decreased RBC production or decreased hemoglobin in cells
  • causes: blood loss, decreased production of red cells, increased destruction of red cells
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17
Q

What is erythropoietin? What is the main stimulus to create this? Where does it come from?

A
  • hormone that stimulates erythropoeisis
  • hypoxia is the main stimulus
  • 85% from kidney, 15% from liver
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18
Q

What is the most essential regulator of red blood cell production? What are 3 examples of this regulator?

A
  • tissue oxygenation

- anemia, high altitude, diseases that affect tissue oxygenation

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19
Q

Why does chronic kidney disease cause anemia?

A

-most erythropoietin comes from the kidneys, if its diseased then red cell production will be low

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20
Q

What two enzymatic reactions in humans require vitamin b12?

A
  • remethylation of homocysteine to methionine

- isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme A

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21
Q

Cobalamin deficiency leads to deficiency in what? What disease ultimately results from these deficiencies?

A
  • THF

- leads to megaloblastic anemia

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22
Q

Deficency of B12 or folate result in high levels of what?

A

Homocysteine (Hcy)

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23
Q

How fast is iron absorption from the intestines?

A

Slow

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24
Q

Each Fe2+ combines with how many molecules of oxygen? Is this reversible?

A
  • 1 molecule of oxygen= 2 atoms of oxygen

- yes, its reversible

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25
Q

How many heme is in one molecule of Hgb? How many iron is there? How many oxygens can they all carry?

A
  • 4 heme
  • 4 irons
  • 4 molecules of oxygen=8 atoms of oxygen
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26
Q

What is the name for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

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27
Q

What happens to iron when RBC is destroyed?

A

Recycled

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28
Q

What is the normal range of hematocrit in males and females? Hemoglobin? Erythrocyte count?

A
  • Hct: female- 36-46, male- 41-53
  • hgb: female - 12-16, male- 13.5-17.5
  • erythrocyte: female - 4.3-5.9, male- 3.5-5.5
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29
Q

What is the normal WBC count?

A

4500-11000

30
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

-protective: against allergy like asthma and helminthic and parasitic infections

31
Q

Function of basophils? What color is their cytoplasm?

A
  • librerates heparin, acts as an anticoag and keeps the blood in fluid state in circulation
  • cytoplasm: little basophilic, alot of blue granules
32
Q

Which blood cell has the biggest nuclei that takes up 90% of the cell area?

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

What are the 3 categories of lymphocytes? And their functions?

A
  • b cells: forms plasma cells that produce antibodies
  • t cells: mediate cellular or cell mediated immunity
  • NK cells: mediate natural and nonspecific immunity
34
Q

Which WBC has a horse shoe shape nucleus?

A

Monocyte

35
Q

How long is a monocyte’s half life? Then what happens to them?

A
  • 10-72 hours half life

- live on for a few weeks to months as tissue macrophages

36
Q

What can cause a widened mediastinum?

A

Bacterial infections, lymphoma, soft tissue mass, aortic aneurysm

37
Q

If theres a vitamin b12 deficiency, what will be high in the blood? What would be high in the urine?

A
  • blood: homocysteine

- urine: methylmalonic

38
Q

To convert homocysteine to methionine, what cofactor is needed?

A

Vitamin b12

39
Q

Vitamin b12 is needed for what two processes?

A
  • folate metabolism

- dna synthesis

40
Q

Red cell distributiom width or anisocytosis means?

A

Is the measure of the variability of the RBC size

41
Q

What are the three layers (from top to bottom) formed in a test tube after a blood sample has been centrifuged? Whats in them? Which layer is used to give us the hematocrit value?

A
  • plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells
  • plasma: protiens and water, buffy: WBCs and platelets, red blood cells
  • red blood cell layer gives the hematocrit value
42
Q

Reduced hematocrit level is seen in what disorder? An increased hematocrit level is seen in what disorder?

A
  • reduced: anemia

- increased: polycythemia

43
Q

What are “formed element?”

A

The cellular components like RBCs, WBCs and platelets

44
Q

What are the 4 main protiens of plasma?

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin

45
Q

What element is needed to bind 02?

A

Iron

46
Q

Plasma protiens are made by what organ?

A

Liver

47
Q

From high to low, this the cell ratio between WBC, RBC, and platelets.

A

-RBCs (in milions), platelets (hundreds of thousands), WBCs (thousands)

48
Q

What is the ratio of RBC to plasma called?

A

Hematocrit

49
Q

How long does the yolk sac do hematopoiesis?

A

16 days to 10 weeks gestation

50
Q

How long does the liver do hematopoesis?

A

6 weeks gestation to birth

51
Q

After birth, what takes over the job of hematopoiesis?

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

Erythrocytes in the liver are called what? Brain? Lungs?

A
  • liver: Kupffer cells
  • brain: microglia
  • lungs: Aveolar macrophages
53
Q

Before birth, the main site of hematopoesis is where? Where do you find this?

A
  • Red bone marrow

- in all flat bones and ends of long bones

54
Q

What gives rise to lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid precursors

55
Q

What gives rise to ALL blood cells EXCEPT lympocytes?

A

Common myeloid precursor

56
Q

Starting from a proerythroblast, list the path a cell goes to become an erythrocyte.

A

-proerythroblast, basophil erythroblast, polychromatophil erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

57
Q

Which steps of erythropoesis happen in the blood? Which in the bone marrow? Where does Hemoglobin first appear and how do you know?

A
  • all in bone marrow except reticulocyte and erythrocyte

- hbg first appears in the polychromatophil erythroblast stage. First sign of color change here and hgb turns things red

58
Q

Anemia caused by chronic kidney disease is called?

A

Normocytic normochromic anemia

59
Q

What are sources of iron?

A

Beets, meat, fish, fruits and veges that go brown over time like apples, potatoes, and spinach

60
Q

Where is irom absorbed?

A

In the duodenum

61
Q

Whats the difference between primary and secondary polycythemia?

A
  • primary: defect in bone marrow to make more RBCs

- secondary: problem caused an increase in RBCs

62
Q

What does Anisocytosis mean?

A

Abnormal or varying sizes of RBCs

63
Q

What does Poikilocytosis mean?

A

Irregular shapes of RBCs

64
Q

What are Echinocytes?

A

Burr cell, crenated, leaf shaped, tooth edge shaped RBCs

65
Q

What are Schistocytes?

A

Cell fragments

66
Q

What are Drepanocytes?

A

Sickle cells

67
Q

What is the name for RBCs with less color? Normal color?

A
  • hypochromic

- normochromic

68
Q

What do you call immature cells?

A

Blasts

69
Q

Normal MCV is 80-100. What is the value if its microcytic? Macrocytic? What do these values tell you?

A
  • micro: less than 80
  • macro: more than 100
  • determine anemia
70
Q

Which WBC is the first line of defense? What is its MAIN function?

A
  • neutrophil

- PHAGOCYTOSIS

71
Q

Which lymphocytes are small? Which are the large ones?

A
  • small: b and t cells

- large: natural killer cells

72
Q

Which WBC has a ground glass appearence and is the largest of the 5?

A

Monocyte

Med 2: Cardio (11 decks)

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