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Med 2: Cardio > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where are endocardia heart tubes derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

At what week and day does the two heart tubes fuse and laterally fold?

A

3rd week, day 16

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3
Q

During what weeks is the embryo most vulnerable? Why?

A
  • week 3-8wks

- when most things are still developing. It’s growth from there on

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4
Q

At what embryologic phase does laterality happen? What is laterality of the heart?

A
  • gastrulation- week 3

- left and right sides of heart form

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5
Q

At what week and day does the fetalheart begin to beat?

A
  • week 4

- day 19-20

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6
Q

From top to bottom, name the 5 parts of the heart tube. Which is the outflow tract? Which is the inflow tract?

A

-Truncus arteriosus (outflow), bulbus cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus (inflow)

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7
Q

What does the Truncus arteriosus develop into?

A
  • Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

- smooth part of left atrium that has pulmonary veins

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8
Q

What does the Bulbus Cordis develop into?

A
  • smooth part of right ventricle (conus arteriosus)

- smooth part of left ventricle (aortic vestibule)

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9
Q

What does the ventricle and atrium of the heart tube develop into?

A
  • ventricle: trabeculated portion of left and right ventricle
  • atrium: trabeculated portion of left and right atrium (pectinate muscles)
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10
Q

What does the sinus venosus of the heart tube develop into?

A
  • left horn: coronary sinus

- right horn: smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)

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11
Q

What direction does the arterial and venous end of the heart tube go when looping? When does cardiac looping end?

A
  • arterial end loops downwards
  • venous end loops upwards
  • at day 28
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12
Q

If cardiac looping fails to happen properly, what can happen? What two other disorders is this usually associated with?

A
  • dextrocardia: heart lies of RIGHT side instead of left, problem might start in gastrulation
  • associated with situs inversus and Kartagener syndrome
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13
Q

What artery supplies the posterior one third of the interventricular septum?

A

Posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery

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14
Q

What artery supplies the anterior two third of the interventricular septum?

A

LAD

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15
Q

Down’s syndrome is usually associated with what type of cardiac anomaly?

A

Atrioventricular septal defect

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16
Q

What day does atrial septal development happen?

A

Day 30

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17
Q

The interatrial septum develops from what two things?

A

Septum primum and septum secondum

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18
Q

Endocardial cushions develop from what?

A

Neural crest cells

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19
Q

What septal opening shunts blood from the right to left atrium? How long does this remain?

A
  • foramen ovale

- remains until after birth

20
Q

What causes the two septa to press into each other? What structure does it close?

A
  • when pressure of the left atrium increases

- closes the foramen ovale

21
Q

Where do neural crest cells come from?

A

Neuroectoderm

22
Q

What 3 things develop from Endocardial Cushions?

A
  • aorticopulmonary septum
  • valves: bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic
  • interatrial septum and interventricular septum (membranous part)
23
Q

What does cyanotic mean? Why are Atrial Septal Defects non-cyanotic?

A
  • bluish discoloration from lack of 02

- there’s still oxygenated blood circulating, but mixing with deoxygenated blood

24
Q

What are two causes of an Osteum Secundum Defect?

A
  • Excessive resorption of the septum primum

- failure of the development of the septum secundum

25
Q

What causes an Osteum Primum Defect?

A

Incomplete fusion of the atrioventricular Endocardial cushions

26
Q

What is a Cor Triloculare Biventriculare or Common Atrium?

A

-defect caused from COMPLETE failure of the septum primum and septum secundum to form

27
Q

When should the oval foramen close? What happens if it closes too early?

A
  • during prenatal life

- causes hypertrophy of right atrium and ventricle. Left side of heart will be underdeveloped. Die soon after birth

28
Q

When does the interventricular septum start to develop? When does it end?

A
  • 4th week

- end of 7th week

29
Q

What are the two parts of the interventricular septum? What are they formed by?

A
  • thick muscular part: formed by septum from base of ventricle
  • membranous part: formed by right and left conus swelling and Endocardial cushions
30
Q

What is Membranous Ventricular Septal Defect? If the neural crest cells fail to migrate, why can that cause Membranous VSD? Is there cyanosis? What’s a common complaint of patients with this?

A
  • opening through the interventricular septum
  • Endocardial cushion gives rise to the membranous part of the IV septum. And neural crest cells give rise to Endocardial cushions
  • non cyanotic, cyanosis appear over time if untreated
  • fatigue on exertion
31
Q

What develops from the fibrous part of the AV Endocardial cushions? They form from how many Endocardial cushions?

A
  • Tricuspid and bicuspid valves

- 4

32
Q

What are the semilunar valves? How many swellings of subendocardial cushions does it develop from?

A
  • name for the aortic and pulmonic valves

- 3 swellings

33
Q

What causes valvular stenosis? What’s the difference between pulmonary valvular atresia and aortic valvular stenosis?

A
  • happens when semilunar valves are fused for a variable distance
  • pulmonic: aortic root is normal, but pulmonic valve may be completely undeveloped. If there’s a PDA, there’s a change of blood to circulate
  • aortic: super narrow opening through valve, your opening will be “pinhole” size
34
Q

What is Ectopic Cordis? What causes it?

A
  • heart outside body

- caused by failure of ventral body wall to close during lateral folding (review gastrochisis)

35
Q

Pair of conotruncal swellings grow and twist around each other to form what?

A

Spiral aorticopulmonary septum (AP) (conotruncal septum)

36
Q

What are three types of Truncus Arteriosis defects? Are they cyanotic?

A
  • Tetrology of Fallot, Transposition of Great Vessels, Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
  • yes, cyanotic
37
Q

Between left-to-right and right-to-left shunt, which one causes cyanosis and which one doesn’t?

A
  • left to right: no cyanosis

- right to left: cyanosis

38
Q

What causes Tetrology of Fallot? What 4 defects are present?

A
  • unequal division of the conus, causing anterior displacement of the aorticopulmonary septum
  • VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary stenosis
39
Q

The upper end of the interventricular septum is what part? Where is it derived from?

A
  • membranous part

- endocardial cushions

40
Q

What disorder is associated with the teratogen Lithium? What causes this disorder?

A
  • atrialization of the right ventricle

- Ebstein anomaly

41
Q

What is Eisenmenger syndrome?

A

-tricuspid isnt formed properly so blood backflows

42
Q

What drug caused hypoplastic of absent limbs in newborns?

A

Thalidomide

43
Q

Neural tube defect are associated with what drugs?

A

Valproic acid, phenytoin, carbamazepine

44
Q

The right vagus passes posterior to what structure? The left vagus nerve crosses anteriolaterally to what structure?

A
  • Root of the lung

- arch of aorta

45
Q

Both vagus nerves descend into what mediastinum?

A

Posterior

46
Q

Failure to form the aorticopulmonary septum is caused by what?

A

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate

Med 2: Cardio (11 decks)

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