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Biotechnology > Intro to Biomaterials > Flashcards

Intro to Biomaterials Flashcards

1
Q

Nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems; defined by their application not chemical make-up

A

biomaterials

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2
Q

Physical requirements of biomaterials

A

hard and flexible materials

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3
Q

Chemical requirements of biomaterials

A
  • must not react with any tissue in the body
  • must be non-toxic to the body
  • long-term replacement must not be biodegradable
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4
Q

What do biomaterials have in common?

A

-must have intimate contact with patient’s tissue or body fluid providing a real physical interface

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5
Q

biomaterial introduced in dentistry in 1937

A

PMMA - polymethyl methacrylate

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6
Q

biomaterial first used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic in 1958

A

PETE, a.k.a. Dacron Fabrics - polyethylene terephthalate

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7
Q

In 1960, Charnley uses _______ and _________ for total hip replacement

A

PMMA and stainless steel

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8
Q

What year was Society of Biomaterials was formed?

A

1975

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9
Q

High molecular weight molecule made up of a small repeat unit

A

polymer

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10
Q

low molecular weight compound that can be connected together to give a polymer

A

monomer

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11
Q

short polymer chain

A

oligomer

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12
Q

polymer made p of 2 or more monomers

A

copolymer

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13
Q

3 types of copolymer?

A

random, alternating and block

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14
Q

What does it mean to have good compatiblity?

A

Good biocompatibility is achieved when the material exists within a living body without adversely or significantly affecting it or being affected by it.

  • material should have adequate mechanical strength, chemical and physical properties
  • biomaterials must be compatible with body tissues mechanically, chemically as well pharmacology
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15
Q

Explain the 3 generations of biomaterial

A
  • 1st gen: specified by physicians; accidental rather than by design
  • 2nd gen: developed through collabs of physicians and engineers; engineered implants and build on 1st gen exp.
  • 3rd gen: bioengineered implants using bioeng. materials
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16
Q

Biomaterial of heart valve

A
  • Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics and natural valves (pig) and should NOT react w/ chem in body
  • attached by polyester mesh
  • tissue growth facilitated by polar oxygen-containing groups
  • pretreated to reduce immunologic reactivity and enhance durability
17
Q

Which heart valve is used most widely?

A

bi-leaflet tilting disk heart valve

18
Q

Problem with substitute heart valves

A

degeneration of tissue, mechanical failure, postop infection and induction of blood clot

19
Q

small titanium fixture that serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth and are capable of osseointegration

A

dental implant

20
Q

What material are most dental implants made of?

A

pure Ti screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots for browns and bridges, or as supports for dentures

21
Q

phenomenon where a material is capable of bonding to bone

A

osseointegration

22
Q

What is the special requirement in the application of dental implants?

A

it should have the ability to form a tight seal against bacterial invasion where the implant traverses the gingival (gum)

23
Q

biomaterial of hip joint replacement

A

Fabricated from specific high-strength metal alloy (corrosion resistant), composites, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and thermoset plastics

24
Q

biomaterial of intraocular lenses

A

made of polymer modified masterseal (PMM), silicone elastomer, and other materials used to replaced a natural lens when it becomes cloudy

25
Q

characteristics of vascular grafts

A
  • must be flexible
  • designed w/ open porous structure
  • achieve and maintain homeostasis
  • porous
  • permeable
  • good structure retention
  • adequate burst strength
  • high fatigue resistance
  • low thrombogenecity
  • good handling properties
  • biostable
26
Q

vascular grafts permeability

A
  • braids: 350-2500 ml cm2/min
  • loosely woven knits: 1200-2000 ml cm2/min
  • tightly woven knits: 2000-5000 ml cm2/min
    weaves: <800 ml cm2/min
27
Q

characteristics biomaterials science

A
  • multidisciplinary
  • many diverse materials
  • dev’t. of biomaterials devices
  • magnitude of the field
  • success and failure
28
Q

hard tissue replacement materials

A

metals, ceramics, used in orthopedic and dental materials

29
Q

soft tissue replacement materials

A

polymers, cardiovascular and general plastic surgery materials

30
Q

central issues for biomaterials

A

1) what represents a good design
2) who should be responsible when devices perform “with an inappropriate host response”
3) what are the cost/risk or cost/benefit ratios for the implant or therapy

31
Q

subjects integral to biomaterials science

A
  • toxicology
  • biocompatibility
  • functional tissue structure and pathobiology
  • healing
  • dependence on specific anatomical site
  • mechanical and performance requirements
  • industrial involvemen
  • ethics
  • regulaion
32
Q

deals with substances that migrate out of biomaterials

A

toxicology

33
Q

critical considerations to workers in the functional tissue structure and pathobiology field

A
  1. the key principles governing the structure of normal and abnormal cells, tissues and organs
  2. the techn. by w/c the structure and function of normal and abnormal tissue are studied
  3. the fundamental mechanisms of disease processes
34
Q

mechanical and performance requirements

A

mechanical performance, mechanical durability and physical properties (functional)

Biotechnology (6 decks)

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