Biomechanics 2

Question 1

Continuum mechanics

Answer 1

mechanical behavior of solids and fluids on a scale in w/c their physical properties can be defined by continuous or piecewise continuous functions in a material continuum, the densities of mass, momentum, and energy can be defined at a point

Question 2

Conservation of laws

Answer 2

mass, momentum, energy

Question 3

Functions of the heart

Answer 3

• generating blood pressure - req. for blood flow
• routing blood (2 pumps)
• regulating blood supply - adjust by changing rate and force of heart contractions

Question 4

stroke volume equation

Answer 4

SV = EDV-ESV

Question 5

machine that provides cardiac and respiratory support oxygen to patients and has Veno-Arterial and Veno-Venus formats

Answer 5

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Question 6

principles of sphygmomanometry

Answer 6

cuff inflated until brachial artery compressed and blood flow stopped and pressure is slowly decreased until a sound is first heard then disappears

Question 7

measurements used in the diagnosis and treatment of carb. metabolism disorders including diabetes mellitus, neonatal hypoglycemia..etc

Answer 7

glucose measurements

Question 8

types of lipoprotein

Answer 8

chylomicrons, VLDL,LDL and HDL

Question 9

desirable range of cholesterol

Answer 9

<200 mg/dL

Question 10

effects of monounsaturated fat on cholesterol

Answer 10

lowers LDL, raises HDL

Question 11

effects of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol

Answer 11

lowers LDL, raises HDL

Question 12

effects of saturated fat on cholesterol

Answer 12

raises both LDL and HDL

Question 13

effects of trans fat on cholesterol

Answer 13

raises LDL

Question 14

hereditary cause of hypercholesterolemia

Answer 14

codominant genetic disorder occuring in heterozygous form - results in elevated levels of LDL at birth

Question 15

hereditary cause of familial combined hyperlipidemia

Answer 15

autosomal dominant- increased secretions of VLDL’s

Question 16

lipid panel that measures HDL and total cholesterol

Answer 16

nonfasting lipid panel

Question 17

lipid panel that measures HDL, total cholesterol and trigylcerides; LDL cholesterol is calculated

Answer 17

fasting lipid panel

Question 18

Optimal lipids

Answer 18

LDL - <150

Question 19

produced by xanthine oxidase from xanthine and hypoxanthin which in turn are produced from purine

Answer 19

uric acid

Question 20

reasons of hyperuricema

Answer 20

produce too much uric acid or unable to excrete enough uric acid into urine

Question 21

caused by excess serum accumulation of uric acid which results to needle-like crystals of uric acid precipitating in joints and capilarries

Answer 21

gout

Question 22

the absorption of light is proportional to the conc. of sample

Answer 22

beer’s law

Question 23

absoprtion is proportional to the thickness of a sample

Answer 23

lambert’s law

Question 24

principles of pulse ox

Answer 24

• based on the differential absorption of light by oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemo.
• the oxyhemo allows red light to transmit through and absorbs more infrared light while deoxyhemo allows infrared to transmit through and absorbs more red light

Question 25

measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

Answer 25

pulse oximetry

Question 26

complications with pulse ox

Answer 26

• hypoperfusion - not enough blood in capillary bed
• site is too cold
• patient movement
• nail polish
• carbon monoxide poisoning, hemoglobin gets saturated with other compounds other than oxygen

Question 27

classified as a non-contact thermometer since they don’t need to be in contact with the object being monitored; they work based on infrared emissions

Answer 27

IR emission thermometer

Question 28

basic working principle of IR emission thermometers

Answer 28

principle that all objects whose temp is above the absolute zero radiate electromagnetic waves whose spectrum is associated to its surface temp

• sensor monitors temp of detector; detector gets the radiative heat transfer of the object’s surface
• based on stefan-boltzmann law