Intro to biological molecules Flashcards
Ionic bond
Transferring of electrons between 2 oppositely charged atoms.
Covalent bonds
Sharing of electrons
Cation
Positive ions by losing electrons
Anions
Negative iosn by electron gain
Unpolar covalent bond
Between 2 atoms of the same element or different elements .
Polymers
Long chains of repeating molecular subunits called monomers.
- Carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins are long polymers
- Lipids are not polymers
Macromolecules
Large, complex molecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic acids
4. Proteins
Dehydration synthesis
Process in which 2 monomers form a bond to make 1 polymer by releasing a water molecule
Hydrolysis
The breaking of a polymer into 2 monomers by gaining a water molecule
- One monomer gets a H+ and the other one gets -OH
Enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions that make/break polymers.
Carbohydrates - CHO
Made of monosaccharides and form starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Monosaccharides
Carbs made up of one type of sugar
Disaccharides
Carbs made up of 2 monosaccharides through a covalent bond
Polysaccharides
Complex carbs made of chains of monosaccharides.
All monosaccharides are
multiples of CH2O
Carbohydrate compostion
Carbonyl group (C=O) and multiple hydroxyl groups (OH)
How are carbohydrates classified?
- Location of carbonyl group
- Length of carbon skeleton
- Arrangement around asymmetric carbons
Cellular respiration
When glucose is broken down by cells to extract energy
Glycosidic linkage
Linkage that holds disaccharides
Covalent bond formed through dehydration reaction
Starch
Polymer of glucose monomers
Stored by plants
Amylose
Simplest form of starch
Amylopcetin
Complex starch with 1-6 linkages
Glycogen
Polysaccharide stored by animals
Cellulose
Polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls
What’s the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch is an a linkage and cellulose is a b linkage
a linkages cannot hydrolyze b linkages
True
Name a and b linkages
a linkages: starch, amylopectin, glycogen
b linkages: chitin, cellulose
