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HRM > Intro/Steroidogeneis > Flashcards

Intro/Steroidogeneis Flashcards

1
Q

what are all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones made up of?

A

Proteins and peptides

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2
Q

What is the bond in insulin and what is the fragment after prohormone is cleaved?

A

Sulfide bonds

- C-Peptide

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3
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A

Gonads
Adrenals
Placenta

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4
Q

Are steroid hormones produced on demand or stored in vesicles?

A

Produced on demand

- which is why they go to increase at the DNA level

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5
Q

What are the amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines

Thyroid

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6
Q

What AA are the amine hormones made from?

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A 
Androgens
Progesterones
Mineralcocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Estrogens 
- form homodimers with receptors
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8
Q

What are the molecules that use Retinoid X receptors? Where do they act?

A 
Thyroid
Vit D
Eicosinoids (Prostaglandins) 
- act on a DNA response element
- Form Heterodimers instead of homodimers
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9
Q

What is phase 1 of metabolism of hormones? Where does it happen?

A

Oxidation

- by liver

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10
Q

What is phase 2 of metabolism of hormones?

A

Sulfation
Methylation
Glucuronidation–> facilitates biliary secretion

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11
Q

What size molecular weight cause metabolites to be secreted in bile?

A

> 300 g/mol

Both polar and lipophilic

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the production of steroids?

A

Cholesterol to pregnenolone

  • Which is done by P450scc
  • Which resides inside the mitochondrial matrix
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13
Q

What is the protein that carries cholesterol from OMM to IMM to allow for the function of P450scc to make pregnenolone?

A

STAR protein

- Steriodogenic acute regulatory protein

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14
Q

Where does STAR get cholesterol from?

A
  1. LDL-derived cholesterol
  2. cholesterol taken up by the scavenger receptor SRB1 3. cholesterol that is synthesized de novo in the ER
  3. as well as cholesterol that is derived from lipid droplets on hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters by hormone sensitive lipase (HSL).
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15
Q

What is Wolman Disease?

A

Inherited mutation in Lysosomal Acid lipase

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16
Q

What is the histological finding in Wolman disease?

A

Lipid engorged macs

- which can infiltrate organs and cause organ death/failure

17
Q

What is congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Mutation in StAR

18
Q

What are the phenotypes of Lipoid CAH?

A

Female external genitalia
Salt wasting
Destruction of endocrine tissue due to fat accum

19
Q

What converts Pregnenolone to progesterone?

A

3-Beta Hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase

20
Q

What converts prenenonlone to 17 alpha hydroxy pregnenolone? Then to DHEA?

A

CYP17

- Then CYP17 again to DHEA

21
Q

What does DHEA stand for? Another name for it?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

-Androgens

22
Q

What can be made from progesterone?

A

Androgens
Cortisol
Aldosterone

23
Q

What is the process is making aldosterone from progesterone?

A
  1. Progesterone–> 11 deoxycorticosterone by CYP21
  2. 11 deoxycorticosterone–> Corticosterone by CYP11B1
  3. Corticosterone–> Aldosterone by aldosterone synthase
24
Q

What is another name for CYP17?

A

17 alpha hydroxylase

25
Q

What is another name for CYP21?

A

21 Alpha hydroxylase

26
Q

What is another name for CYP11B1?

A

11 beta hydroxylase

27
Q

How does one make cortisol from progesterone?

A
  1. Progesterone–> 17 alpha hydroxy-progesterone by CYP17
  2. 17 alpha hydroxy-progesterone–> 11 Deoxycortisol by CYP21
  3. 11 Deoxycortisol –> to Cortisol by CYP11B1
28
Q

What causes an increase in CRH?

A

Environmental stimulus

  • that leads to increase in Ach and Serotonin
  • leads to increase CRH
29
Q

what is the second messenger of the binding of ACTH to the adrenal glands?

A

increase in cAMP

  • PKA increase
  • Many affects
30
Q

What are the affects of increase PKA in a adrenal gland cell?

A

Increase SCARB2
Increase LDLr endocytosis
Increase free cholesterol
and increase CYP11A1

31
Q

Where does the actions of Pregnenolone to 11-deoxycortisol and same to cortisol happen?

A

Cytoplasm

Nucleus respectively

32
Q

What regulates cortisol synthesis enzymes?

A

cAMP

33
Q

What happens to the binding of cortisol at the GRE?

A

Increase Transcriptional co-activators
RNA polymerase II
PEPCK

HRM (6 decks)

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