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Neurology > Intro - Neurology > Flashcards

Intro - Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Central Nervous system (CNS) consist of?

A

Consisting of the Brain and the spinal cord.
The spinal cord connects to the brain through the Foramen magnum of the Occipital bone and is encircled by bone of the vertebral column.

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2
Q

What Does the Central Nervous system (CNS) do for the Nervous system?

A

It processes many kinds of incoming sensory info, also the source of thoughts, emotions and memories.

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3
Q

What are all the types of Nervous systems in the body (Organization of the Nervous system)?

A

CNS, PNS, SNS & ANS.

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4
Q

Where do the signals that stimulate MMs to contract & Glands to secrete mostly come from?

A

They mostly originate in the CNS.

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5
Q

What types of tissue does the PNS consist of?

A

Any other tissue outside of the CNS,

The Brain and the spinal cord are in the CNS.

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6
Q

What is a Nerve?

A

This is a bundle of 100s - 1000s of Axons plus associated CT and BVs that lies outside the brain and SC.

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7
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain?

A

12, this means there is 24 total.

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8
Q

How many pairs of Spinal nerves emerge from the SC?

A

31 pairs emerge from the SC.

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9
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

These are small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, outside the brain & SC.

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10
Q

What are Entreric Plexuses?

A

These are Extensive networks of neurons located in walls of organs of the GI tract.

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11
Q

What are Sensory Receptors?

A

A sensory receptor refers to a Structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in the external or internal Environment.

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12
Q

What is the PNS decided into?

A

The PNS is divided into a Somatic nervous system (SNS) and Autonomic nervous system (ANS) and an Entrenic nervous system.

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13
Q

What does the SNS consist of?

A

Sensory neurons that convey info to the CNS from somatic receptors in the head, body wall and limbs and receptors from special senses.

Motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

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14
Q

What is the actions of the SNS?

A

The actions of the SNS is Voluntary.

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15
Q

What does the ANS consist of?

A

Sensory neurons that convey info to CNS for autonomic sensory receptors located primarily in Visceral organs.

Motor neurons that conduct impulses to smooth mm and glands.

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16
Q

What are the Actions of the ANS?

A

The Actions are involuntary.
The motor part of the ANS consist of 2 Branches, The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions.

In general, the sympathetic division helps support exercise or emergency actions, The fight or flight response.

Parasympathetic division takes care of “Rest and Digest” Activities.

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17
Q

What does the ENS consist of?

A

This portion of the Nervous system in considered the Brain of the Gut.
It is involuntary, Consisting of over 100 million neurons that extend most of the length of the GI tract.

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18
Q

What are the Sensory functions of the Nervous system?

A

Sensory receptors detect internal Stimuli (Such as increase in blood pressure).
or External Stimuli (Touching the Skin).
This sensory info is then carried into the brain and SC through cranial and Spinal nerves.

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19
Q

What are the Integrative functions of the Nervous system?

A

Nervous system processes sensory info by. analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses, An activity known as “Integration”.

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20
Q

What are the Motor Functions of the nervous system?

A

Once sensory info is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate response by activating “Effectors” (mms and glands) through cranial and spinal nn’s.

Stimulation of the Effectors causes mm’s to contract and glands to secrete.

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21
Q

What is the Histology of neurons?

A

Neurons possesses Electrical Excitability, The ability to respond to a Stimulus and convert it into an action potential.

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22
Q

What is a Stimulus?

A

This is any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an Action potential.

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23
Q

What is an Action potential?

A

An action potential (nerve impulse) is an electrical signal that propagates along the surface of the membrane of a neuron.
It begins and travels due to the movement of Ions between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron.

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24
Q

What are the 3 Parts of a Neuron?

A

Cell Body, Dendrites, Axon.

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25
Q

What does the Cell Body of a neuron consist of?

A

The Cell body (SOMA) contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes Lysosome, mitochondria, and Golgi complex.

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26
Q

What does Dendrites Consist of?

A

Dendrites are the Receiving or impute portion of the Neuron.

The plasma membranes of Dendrites and (Cell Bodies) contain numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messengers from other cells.

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27
Q

What does an Axon consist of?

A

The Singe Axon of a neuron propagates nn impulses toward another neuron, a mm fiber or gland cell.

Axon is a long cylindrical projection that that often joins to the cell body at a cone shaped elevation called a “Axon Hillock”, part of the Axon closest tot he Axon hillock is the “Initial Segment”.

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28
Q

What is the Trigger Zone of an Axon?

A

In most neurons nn impulses arise at the at the junction of the Axon Hillock and the initial segment, area called the trigger zone.

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29
Q

What is a Synapse of a Neuron?

A

This is the site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell is called a Synapse.

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30
Q

What is at the tip of some Axon terminals?

A

They swell into bulb-shaped structures called “Synaptic End Bulbs”.

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31
Q

What is NeuroT?

A

This is a molecule released from the Synaptic vesicle that excites another neuron, mm fiber, or gland cell.

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32
Q

What are the classification of Neurons?

A

They can be classified into Structural and Functional.

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33
Q

What are the Structural Classifications of neurons?

A

There is Unipolar Neuron, Bipolar Neuron, and Multipolar Neuron.

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34
Q

What are the processes of Multipolar Neurons?

A

A multipolar Neuron has many processes extending from the cell body.

A bipolar Neuron has 2, and a Unipolar Neuron has 1.

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35
Q

What Types of neurons have a functional Classification of Sensory?

A

Most Neurons with the Sensory Function are Unipolar.

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36
Q

What types of Neurons have the Functional Classification of Motor?

A

Most Neurons with functional motor properties are Multipolar.

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37
Q

What types of Neruons have the Functional classification of Interneurons?

A

Most Interneurons are multipolar.

Integration occurs in the Interneurons.

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38
Q

What is Myelination?

A

Axons surrounded by a multilayer lipid and protein covering called a Myelin Sheath are said to be Myelinated.

The Sheath electrically insulates the Axon of a Neuron and increases the speed of nn impulse conduction.

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39
Q

What are the 2 types of signals that Neurons use to communicate?

A

Graded potentials & Action potentials.

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40
Q

What are Graded Potentials?

A

These are used for Short distance communication only.

41
Q

What are Action potentials?

A

These allow communication over long distances within the body.

42
Q

What is it called when action potentials occur in a neuron?

A

This is known as a Nerve Action Potential (Nerve Impulse).

43
Q

What does the Production of Graded potentials and Action potentials depend on?

A

It depends on 2 Basic features of the Plasma membrane of Excitable cells.
The existence of resting membrane potential, and the presence of specific types of ion channels.

44
Q

Where does a Resting membrane Potential reside?

A

It is found in Excitable Cells.

45
Q

What is the flow of charged particles called?

A

It is called the Current.

46
Q

In living cells the flow of ions is what?

A

This is the current.

47
Q

What are the 4 types of ion Channels?

A

Leak Channels, Ligand-Gated Channels, Mechanically-Gated channels, Voltage-Gated Channels.

48
Q

What are Leak Channels?

A

The gates will randomly open and close, Allowing Na+ to flow and K+ to move across the cell membrane down their gradients.

49
Q

Where are Ligand-Gated Channels located?

A

Located in the Dendrites of some sensory neurons such as pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons.

50
Q

What do Ligand-Gate channels open and close in response to?

A

They open and close in response to the binding of a Ligand (Chemical) Stimulus.
There is a wide variety of Chemical Ligands.
NeuroT’s, Hormones and particular ions.

51
Q

What are Mechanically-Gated Channels?

A

They open in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of Vibration & Sound waves, touch, pressure or tissue stretching.

52
Q

How are Mechanically Gated Channels opened?

A

They are opened Mechanically through vibration and sound waves, touch, pressure or tissue stretching.

53
Q

What is an example of a Mechanically-Gated Channel?

A

These are found in places such as the ear, skin.

54
Q

What are Voltage-Gate Channels?

A

This type of Gate will only open in response to a change in Membrane potential. (Voltage)

55
Q

Where are Voltage-Gate Channels found?

A

These participate in the generation and conduction of action potentials in the Axons of all types of Neurons.

56
Q

How do Graded Potentials occur?

A

These will occur when a stimulus causes mechanically-gated or Ligand gated channels to open or close.

57
Q

What is the Resting Membrane potential of most cells?

A

This is -70mV.

58
Q

In order for an action potential to occur what has to happen first?

A

The membrane potential must go through a Depolarization Phase.
This means it has to become less negative.

59
Q

How far must a membrane potential reach for it to Depolarize and an Action potential to occur?

A

It must reach -55mV (Threshold).

60
Q

What is the Threshold for a Action potential to occur?

A

The membrane potential must reach at least -55mV for an action potential to occur.

61
Q

What happens when a Neuron send info down an Axon away from the cell body?

A

An Action potential occurs (Impulse).

62
Q

What is the resting state of a Membrane potential?

A

The resting membrane potential is -70mV.

63
Q

What occurs during the Depolarization phase of an action potential?

A

The negative membrane becomes potential becomes less negative, reaches 0, then becomes positive.

64
Q

What happens during the Re-polarization phase of an action potential?

A

The membrane potential is restored to the resting state of -70mV.

65
Q

What happens after the Re-polarization phase?

A

There may be a Hyperpolarizing stage, during witch the resting membrane potential becomes less than the resting level.

66
Q

What is Propagation?

A

This is when an AP keeps its strength as it spreads along the membrane of a neuron, this is called propagation.

67
Q

What is an AP?

A

This is a Action potential.

68
Q

What are Factors that affect speed of propagation?

A

Amount of Myelination, Axon Diameter, Temperature.

69
Q

Why Does Axon Diameter affect speed of propagation?

A

Larger diameter Axons propagate AP’s faster than smaller ones due to their increased surface area.

70
Q

Why does temperature affect the Speed of Propagation?

A

Axons propagate AP’s at lower speeds when cooled.

71
Q

What are the Classifications of Nerve fibers?

A

A Fibers, B Fibers & C Fibers.

72
Q

What are A Fiber nerves?

A

Largest in Diameter, Myelinated, Axons of Sensory neurons that propagate impulses associated with touch, pressure, position of joints and some terminal and pain sensations are “A Fibers”.

73
Q

What are B Fiber Nerves?

A

Smaller Axons than “A Fibers”, They’re Myelinated, Conduct sensory nn impulses from viscera to the brain and SC.

74
Q

What are C Fiber Nerves?

A

Smallest Diameter Axons, Un-Myelinated, These conduct some sensory impulses for pain, touch, pressure, Heat and cold from the skin & pain impulses from the viscera.

75
Q

How do Signal transmissions occur at Synapses?

A

“Presynaptic Neuron” Leffers to a neuron that carries a nn impulse toward a Synapse.

76
Q

What is the Process of Signal Transmission at Synapses?

A

Presynaptic Neuron, Synapse, Postsynaptic neuron/Effector cell.
“Postsynaptic Neuron” is the neuron that receives a signal; it carries a nn impulse away from a Synapse.
– Or an “Effector Cell” that responds to the impulse at the Synapse.

77
Q

What is the cell that receives a signal & carries impulses away from the Synapse?

A

These are the Postsynaptic Neurons.

78
Q

What are 3 Functions of the Nervous System?

A

Motor, Sensory & Integrative.

79
Q

A —— is any change to the External or Internal Environment?

A

Stimulus.

80
Q

What is the Receiving portion of a neuron?

A

The Dendrite.

81
Q

What makes info travel on a Neuron faster?

A

Myeline Sheath.

82
Q

What is the Difference between Graded and Action Potentials?

A

Graded are short distance and AC’s are long distance.

83
Q

What is the Threshold that must be reached for a signal to be a AC (Action potential)?

A

It must reach -55mV.

84
Q

What happens when a Signal Threshold is reached?

A

Depolarization occurs.

85
Q

What is it called when an AC keeps its strength while travelling along the Neuron?

A

This is called Propagation.

86
Q

What is the Brain of the Gut?

A

This is the ENS and it is Involuntary.

87
Q

What is an Electrical Synapse?

A

AP’s conduct through Gap junctions.
There are 2 main advantages for Electrical Synapses:
Faster communication, Synchronization.

88
Q

What are Gap Junctions?

A

These are the places where AP’s conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through structures called Gap Junctions.

89
Q

What does it mean by one of the advantages of Electrical Synapses is Synchronization?

A

A large number of neurons or mm fibers can produce AP’s in unison if they are connected by gap junctions.

90
Q

What does Each Gap junction contain?

A

Each one contains around 100s of connections, witch act like tunnels to connect the cytosol of each of the 2 cells.

91
Q

What is a Chemical Synapse?

A

This is the place where Presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes in neurons do not touch but yet are separated by something called the “Synaptic Cleft”.

92
Q

What is the Synaptic cleft?

A

This is what separates the Pre and post synaptic membranes.

93
Q

What does the Presynaptic Neuron Release?

A

It releases a NeuroT that diffuses through the fluid in the Synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the plasma membrane of the “Postsynaptic Neuron”.

94
Q

What is a Postsynaptic Potential?

A

The Postsynaptic Neuron receives a signal and in turn produces a Postsynaptic Potential.

95
Q

What is a Simple Series circuit?

A

A presynaptic neuron stimulaties a single postsynaptic neuron, the second neuron then stimulates another, and so on.

96
Q

What is Divergence?

A

A single Presynaptic neuron may synapse with several postsynaptic neurons, this arrangement is called Divergence.

97
Q

What is a Reverberating Circuit?

A

In this type of circuit the incoming impulses stimulates the first neuron, witch stimulates the second and so on.

Branches from later neurons synapse with earlier ones, this arrangement sends impulses back through the circuit gain and again.

98
Q

What is a Parallel after discharge circuit?

A

Where a single presynaptic cell stimulates a group of neurons, each of witch synapses with a common postsynaptic cell.

Neurology (10 decks)

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