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Neurology > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

This controls involuntary responses, The nn’s pathways go to blood vessels, glands and organs.

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2
Q

What are the involuntary responses the ANS is responsible for?

A

Digestion, Elimination, heart rate, Salavation, Perspiration, breathing & Sexual arousal.

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3
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic nervous system & Parasympathetic Nervous system.

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4
Q

What are Autonomic Sensory Neurons?

A

These are the Sensory receptors that input into the ANS.

They are associated with “Ineroceptors”.

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5
Q

What are Interoceptors?

A

These are sensory receptors located in BV’s, visceral organs, mm’s and the nervous system that monitor conditions of the internal environment.

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6
Q

What are examples of Interoceptors?

A

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood O2 levels.

Mechanoceptors that monitor the stretch of internal tissue.

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7
Q

Visceral sensations are not conscious most of the time, what is an Example of when they would be?

A

Pain sensations from damaged viscera & Angina pectoris from lack of blood flow to the heart.

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8
Q

What are Autonomic Motor Neurons?

A

these regulate visceral activities by increasing or decreasing ongoing activities in their effector tissue.

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9
Q

What are examples of what Autonomic motor neurons can do?

A

Changes in the Diameter of pupils, Dilation and constriction of BV’s & Adjustment of the rate and force of heartbeat.

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10
Q

Within the anatomy of the “Autonomic motor pathways” there are 2 divisions of the ANS each with a motor neuron what are they?

A

The first in any autonomic motor pathway is “Preganglionic neuron”.
-and extends to a Autonomic ganglion then synapses with-
“Postganglionic Neuron” the second motor neuron in the autonomic pathway.
Overall it is the PreG & PostG.

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11
Q

What does a Preganglionic Neuron do for the Autonomic motor pathway?

A

The Preganglionic neurons convey nn impulses from the CNS to the Autonomic Ganglia.

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12
Q

What does a Postganglionic neuron do for the Autonomic motor pathway?

A

Postganglionic neurons relay the Impulses from Autonomic Ganglia to the Visceral Effectors.

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13
Q

What are the stages of the Autonomic motor pathway?

A

Pre-ganglionic Neuron, autonomic Ganglion, Post-ganglionic Neuron & then the Visceral effector cell.

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14
Q

What is the pathway from the SC to the Sympathetic trunk Ganglia?

A

After exciting the SC, the myelinated PreG axons into the anterior root of a spinal nn and enter a short pathway called “White Ramus” before entering the nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion.

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15
Q

Because the Sympathetic PreG axons are very short what does this mean?

A

This means the Sympathetic ganglia are closer to the SC.

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16
Q

Because the Sympathetic PreG axons are very short what does this mean?

A

This means the Sympathetic ganglia are closer to the SC.

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17
Q

Why is there 4 ways Axons can leave the Sympathetic Trunk?

A

This way Excitatory signals travelling to Ganglia close to the Spine can trigger action potentials in a lot of other neurons that lead to a lot of different effectors.

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18
Q

What role does the Spinal nn play in the ANS?

A

They provide Sympathetic innervation to the visceral effectors in the skin of the neck, trunk and limbs.

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19
Q

What do Cephalic Periarterial nn’s do for the ANS?

A

They provide sympathetic innervation to visceral effectors in the skin of the Face as well as other visceral effectors of the head.

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20
Q

What do Cephalic Periarterial nn’s do for the ANS?

A

They provide sympathetic innervation to visceral effectors in the skin of the Face as well as other visceral effectors of the head.

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21
Q

What role do Sympathetic nn’s have in the ANS?

A

They provide Sympathetic innervation to the heart and lungs.

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22
Q

What role does Splanchnic nn’s have in the ANS?

A

Most of them go to organs of the Abdominopelvic cavity and the Adrenomadulla.

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23
Q

Where are Cell bodies of PreG Neurons found?

A

They can be found in the Brain stem & in the 2nd - 4th Sacral segments of the SC.

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24
Q

What is the Sacral Parasympathetic Outflow?

A

It consist of PreG Axons in anterior roots of the 2-4th Sacral Spinal nn’s.

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25
Q

What is the Cranial Parasympathetic Outflow?

A

Consist of PreG Axons that Extend from the brain stem in 4 cranial nn’s.

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26
Q

What are the 4 pairs of Ganglia from the Cranial outflow?

A

1: Ciliary Ganglia
2: Pterygopalatine Ganglia
3: Submandibular Ganglia
4: Otic Ganglia

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27
Q

What do the 4 pairs of Ganglia from the cranial outflow do?

A

They are associated with the Vagus nn that innervate structures in the head and are located close to the organs they innervate.

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28
Q

What carries nearly 80% of the total cranioSacral outflow?

A

PreG Axons that leave the Brain as part of the Vagus nn’s.

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29
Q

As the Vagus nn passes through the Thorax what does it do?

A

It will send Axons to heart and airways of the lungs.

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30
Q

In the Abdominal region what does the Vagus nn supply?

A

It will supply the Gallbladder, Liver, Stomach, Pancreas, Small intestine and part of the large intestine.

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31
Q

As PreG Axons course through the Sacral spinal nn’s they branch off these nn’s to form what?

A

They branch off to form the Pelvic Sphanichnic nn’s.

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32
Q

Within the Physiology of the ANS what is Autonomic Tone?

A

Most body organs receive innervation from both divisions of the ANS that typically work in opposition to each other.

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33
Q

What is the balance between Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Activity?

A

It is called “Autonomic Tone”.

It is regulated by the Hypothalamus.

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34
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do for the ANS?

A

It typically turns up Sympathetic Tone at the same time it turns down Parasympathetic tone, Vice versa.

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35
Q

What is involved in Sympathetic Responses?

A

During Emotional or Physical stresses the Sympathetic Division dominates the Parasympathetic Division.

36
Q

What does High Sympathetic Tone Favour?

A

It favours body functions that can support vigorous physical activity and rapid ATP production.

37
Q

Besides Physical Stresses, what else Stimulates the Sympathetic division?

A

Various emotions such as fear, embarrassment or rage can stimulate the Sympathetic Division.

38
Q

What is released in the body when the Sympathetic Division activates?

A

Hormones by the Adrenal medulla sets in motion a series of physiological responses collectively known as the “Fight or Flight Response”.

39
Q

What does the Fight or Flight Response Include?

A

Dilation of Pupils, HR and BP increase, Airways Dilate, BV’s that supply kidneys and Gi tract constrict, this results in slowing of urine formation and digestive activity.
BV’s going to things such as muscle tissue are dilated.

40
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Response/Division?

A

Parasympathetic Division enhances “Rest and Digest”.

This division supports body functions that conserve and restore body energy during times of recovery.

41
Q

What are the 5 Parasympathetic (PS) response?

A 
S-Salavation 
L-acrimation 
U-rination 
D-igestion 
D-efecation
42
Q

What are the other 3 Sympathetic Responses that decrease?

A

Decreased Heart Rate, Decreased Diameter of Airways, Decreased Diameter of Pupils.

43
Q

What are Autonomic Reflexes?

A

These are responses that occur when nn impulses pass through an Autonomic reflex Arc.

44
Q

What is the role of a Autonomic Reflex?

A

They play a key role in regulating controlled conditions in the body such as BP, Digestion and Urination.

45
Q

What are the components to the Autonomic Reflex Arc?

A

Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integrating centre, motor neuron & An effector.

46
Q

What are Somatic Sensations?

A

Tactile Sensations such as:

Touch, pressure, vibration, Itch & Tickle.

47
Q

How does the Somatic Tactile Sensation work?

A

They would result from stimulation of Tactile receptors in the skin or Sub Q layer.
From 2 rapidly adapting touch receptors.

48
Q

What are the 2 Rapidly Adapting touch receptors for tactile sensations of Touch?

A

Meisser Corpuscles & Hair root plexuses.

49
Q

What is a Meisser Corpuscles?

A

These are touch receptors located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin.
These are abundant in fingertips, hands, eyelids, top of tougue, lips, nipples.

50
Q

What are Hair Root Plexuses?

A

These are touch receptors found in hairy skin.

They are used to detect movements on the skins surface that disturb the hairs.

51
Q

What are receptors that contribute to sensations or Pressure?

A

Type 1 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors & lemellated Corpuscles.

52
Q

Within Somatic tactile Sensations, how does vibration work?

A

This results from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors.

53
Q

What are the Receptors that Detect Vibrations?

A

Mesissner Corpuscles and lemellated Corpuscles.

54
Q

What is the sensory receptor that can detect lower frequency Vibrations?

A

Mesissner Corpuscles.

55
Q

What is the Sensory receptor that can detect Higher frequency Vibrations?

A

lemellated Corpuscles.

56
Q

How does the Sensation of Itch work?

A

This results from stimulation of free nn endings by certain chemicals.

57
Q

What are all the Somatic Sensations?

A

Tactile & Pain.

58
Q

What are the types of Pain?

A

The types include Fast and Slow pain.

59
Q

How do you feel the Sensation of Pain?

A

Through “Nociceptors”.

These are pain receptors and are free nn endings in every tissue of the body except the brain.

60
Q

What is Fast Pain?

A

This type occurs rapidly, within 0.1 Seconds because the impulses propagate along medium-diameter, Myelinated A fibers.
Not felt in deeper tissue of the body.

61
Q

What is localization of Pain?

A

Fast pain is precisely localized.
Slow pain is well localized but more diffuse in the stimulated area.
There may also be times you feel pain is felt in or just deep to the skin and is referred from a visceral organ.

62
Q

What is pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin?

A

Superficial somatic pain.

63
Q

What is pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin?

A

Superficial somatic pain.

64
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Results from stimulation of Nociceptors in deep organs.

65
Q

What are Sensory Somatic Pathways?

A

Relays info from somatic Sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and to the Cerebellum.

66
Q

What is a First order Neuron?

A

They conduct impulses form somatic Receptors into the brain stem or SC.

67
Q

What are Second Order Neurons?

A

They conduct impulses from the brain stem and SC to the Thalamus.
Axons of 2nd order neurons Decussate in the brain stem or SC before ascending to the Thalamus.
Thus all somatic Sensory info from one side of the body reaches the Thalamus on the opposite side.

68
Q

What are Second Order Neurons?

A

They conduct impulses from the brain stem and SC to the Thalamus.
Axons of 2nd order neurons Decussate in the brain stem or SC before ascending to the Thalamus.
Thus all somatic Sensory info from one side of the body reaches the Thalamus on the opposite side.

69
Q

What are the 3 general pathways that Sensory impulses ascend to the Cerebral cortex?

A

1: Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus pathway.
2: Anterolateral (Spinthalamic) Pathway.
3: Trigeminothalamic pathway.

70
Q

What are Somatic motor pathways?

A

All excitatory & inhibitory signals that control movement converge on the motor neurons that extend out from the brain stem and SC to innervate Skeletal mm’s in the body.

71
Q

What are Somatic motor pathways?

A

All excitatory & inhibitory signals that control movement converge on the motor neurons that extend out from the brain stem and SC to innervate Skeletal mm’s in the body.
Somatic motor pathways, participate in control of movement by providing input to LMN’s.

72
Q

From the Brain stem what do Lower Motor Neurons control?

A

Axons of LMN’s extend through the cranial nn’s to innervate skeletal mm’s of the face and head.

73
Q

From the SC, axons of the LMN’s control what?

A

They extend through Spinal nn’s to innervate skeletal mm’s of the lower limb and trunk.

74
Q

What is the only job of the LMN’s?

A

They provide output from the CNS to Skeletal mm’s.

75
Q

What are Local Circuit neurons?

A

They receive input from somatic sensory receptors.

They help coordinate rhythmic activity in specific mm groups.

76
Q

What are Upper motor Neurons?

A

UMN’s from the cerebral cortex are essential for execution of voluntary movements of the body.

77
Q

What are Basal Nuclei Neurons?

A

They assist in movement by providing input to UMN’s.

The Neural circuits that are made help regulate initiate & terminate movements.

78
Q

What are Cerebral Neurons?

A

Also Aid in movement by controlling the activity of the UMN’s.
Prime function of the Cerebellum is to monitor between intended movements and movements performed.
Then it gives commands to the UMN’s to reduce errors.

79
Q

What do Upper motor neurons from the Brain stem help regulate?

A

They help regulate mm tone, control postural mm’s & help maintain balance and coordination of the head and body.

80
Q

What are Neural Circuits used for?

A

These help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements and establish a normal level of mm tone.

81
Q

How are Neural Circuits formed?

A

They’re interconnect basal nuclei with motor areas of the cerebral cortex & the brain stem.

82
Q

What is the organization of UMN’s pathways?

A

The Axons of the UMNs extend to the LMNs through 2 types of pathways:
Direct & Intended.

83
Q

What is the organization of UMN’s pathways?

A

The Axons of the UMNs extend to the LMNs through 2 types of pathways:
Direct & Intended.

84
Q

What is a Direct Motor Pathway?

A

Consist of the:

Corticospinal Pathways & the Cortico Bulbar pathways.

85
Q

What is a Direct Motor Pathway?

A

Consist of the:
Corticospinal Pathways & the Cortico Bulbar pathways.

CorticoSpinal: conducts impulses for the control of mm’s of the limbs and Trunk.
There is a Lateral and Anterior tract.

Cortico bulbar: Conducts impulses for the control of skeletal mm’s of the head.

86
Q

What is a Indirect pathway?

A

This includes all somatic motor tracts other than Corticospinal and Corrtico bulbar.
The tracts include:
RubroSpinal, Tectospinal, Vestibulospinal, Lateral / Medial recticulospinal.

Neurology (10 decks)

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