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Neurology > CNS in depth > Flashcards

CNS in depth Flashcards

1
Q

What do the Brain & Spinal cord develop from?

A

They develop from the Neural Tube.

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2
Q

Constrictions in the Neural Tube soon appear what are the 3 Regions named?

A

The 3 Regions in the Primary Brain Vesicles are (Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon).

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3
Q

What are the 3 Primary Brain Vesicles Subdivided into further?

A

Prosencephalon - Gives rise to Telencephalon & Diencephalon.
Rhombencephalon - Develops into Metencephalon & Myelencephalon.

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4
Q

What are the Secondary Brain Vesicles?

A

Telencephalon & Diencephalon - Metencephalon & Myelencephalon.

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5
Q

What develops into Cerebrum and Lateral Ventricles?

A

Telencephalon.

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6
Q

What Develops into the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus?

A

Diencephalon.

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7
Q

What develops into the Midbrain and the Aqueduct of the Midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon.

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8
Q

What develops into the Pons & the Cerebellum?

A

Mesencephalon.

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9
Q

What develops into the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Myelencephalon.

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10
Q

What are the 4 Major parts of the Brain?

A

Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon & Cerebrum.

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11
Q

What does the Brain Stem Consist of?

A

The Brain stem is continouse with the SC and consist of Medulla Oblongata, Pons and Midbrain.

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12
Q

What is Posterior to the Brain Stem?

A

The Cerebellum.

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13
Q

What is Found Superior to the Brain stem?

A

The Diencephalon, Which consist of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus & Epithalamus.

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14
Q

What is the Largest part of the Brain?

A

The Cerebellum.

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15
Q

What are the protective coverings of the brain?

A

The Cranium and Cranial Meninges surround and protect the brain.

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16
Q

What are the Cranial Meninges?

A

Cranial meninges are continues with the spinal meninges and have the same basic structure.

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17
Q

What are the layers of the Cranial Meninges?

A

Outer: Dura matter
Middle: Archnoid matter
Inner: Pia Matter

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18
Q

What are the 2 layers of Cranial Dura matter?

A

An (External) Periosteal layer & an (Internal) Meningeal layer.

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19
Q

What is the Brain Blood Flow Barrier?

A

Consist mainly of Tight Junctions that seal together the Endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries.

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20
Q

How does Blood flow to the Brain?

A

Blood flows to the Brain through mainly the Internal Carotid & Vertebral Arteries.

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21
Q

What returns blood from the brain to the heart?

A

Dural venous sinuses into the internal Jugular veins.

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22
Q

What happens if blood entering the brain is low in glucose?

A

This results in dizziness, Mental confusion, Convulsions, and loss of consciousness may occur.

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23
Q

What can cause breakdown of the Blood Brain barrier?

A

Trauma, Certain toxins & Inflammation.

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24
Q

What substances move across the Blood Brain Barrier very slowly?

A

Creatinine, Urea & Most Ions.

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25
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid?

A

It is a Clear liquid composed mostly of (Water) and protects the Brain & SC from chemical and Physical injuries.
There is continues circulation of CSF through cavities in the brain and SC & through the Subarchnoid space (Space between Arachnoid mater and Pia Mater).

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26
Q

What are the Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid?

A

1: Mechanical protection
2: Homeostatic Function
3: Circulation

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27
Q

What are ventricles in the brain related to CSF?

A

There are 4 CSF filled cavities in the brain called ventricles.

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28
Q

What is the Mechanical Function of CSF?

A

Serves as Shock absorbing mechanism that protects the delicate Tish of the Brain.
Helps float the brain in the Skull.

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29
Q

What is the Homeostatic Function of CSF?

A

PH of CSF affects Pulmonary ventilation & Cerebral Blood flow.

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30
Q

What is the Circulation Function of CSF?

A

CSF is a median for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous Tish.

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31
Q

How does CSF form in the Ventricles of the nervous system?

A

Majority of the CSF is formed in the Choroid Plexuses, network of Blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles.

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32
Q

What does the Circulation of CSF look like?

A

Starting in the (Lateral Ventricles - Interventricular Foramina - 3rd ventricle - cerebral Aquaduct - 4th Ventricle - Subarachnoid Space or central canal).

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33
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed into the blood?

A

It is reabsorbed back into the blood through Arachnoid Villi.

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34
Q

What makes CSF pressure consistently the same?

A

This is caused by the production & Reabsorption are normally the same.
This also would mean the Volume stays the same.

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35
Q

Where is the Medulla Oblongata Located?

A

Starting at the foreman magnum & Extends to the Inferior border of the Pons.

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36
Q

What does the White matter of the Medulla consist of?

A

It contains all sensory (Ascending) tracts and motor (Descending) tracts that extend between the SC and other parts of the Brain.

37
Q

What is just Superior to the Junction of the Medulla and SC?

A

90% of the Axons in the left pyramid cross to the right Side and 90% of the Right side pyramids Axons cross to the Left side.
This is the pons.

38
Q

What is the crossing of Axons in the Medulla Oblongata Called?

A

This is called Decussation (crossing) of Pyramids.

This explains why voluntary movements of one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain.

39
Q

The Medulla Oblongata contains nuclei that perform —–?

A

The cardiovascular centre, Medullary Respiratory centre, Vomiting centre, Deglutition centre, Coughing & Hiccupping.

40
Q

Want Nuclei are located in the Posterior portion of the Medulla?

A

These are associated with Sensations of Touch, Vibration, Pressure, Conscious Proprioception.

41
Q

The Medulla Contains Nuclei associated with what 5 Pairs of Cranial nerves?

A

1: Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerves
2: Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerves
3: Vagus (X) Nerves
4: Accessory (XI) Nerves Cranial portion
5: HYpoglossal (XII) Nerves

42
Q

What is the Pons?

A

This is the portion of the Brain that connects each side together.

43
Q

What are the 2 main Structural components of the Pons?

A

Ventral & Dorsal Region.

44
Q

What does the Pons Ventral Region consist of?

A

Consisting of Grey relay stations called “Pontine Nuclei”.
Entering and Exiting white mater provide connection between the cortex of a cerebral hemisphere and that of the opposite hemisphere of the cerebellum.

45
Q

What does the Dorsal Region of the Pons consist of?

A 
This is more like other regions of the brain stem, Contains Ascending and Descending tracts along with nuclei of the following Cranial nerves: 
Trigeminal (V) nevre
Abducens (VI) nerve 
Facial (VII) Nevre 
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
46
Q

This complex circuitry plays an essential role in coordination & maximizing the efficiency of voluntary motor output through the body?

A

A Synaptic relay area within the Ventral Region of the Pons.

47
Q

What does the Midbrain extend from?

A

They extend from the Pons to the Diencephalon.

48
Q

What does the Cerebral Aqueduct pass through?

A

It passes through the Midbrain, connecting the third Ventricle above with the 4th ventricle below.

49
Q

What does the Anterior part of the Midbrain consist of?

A

It contains paired bundles of Axons known as the cerebral Pecuncles.

50
Q

Within the Anterior Midbrain, what conducts nn impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the SC, Medulla, and pons?

A

Axons of the Corticospinal, Corticcobulbar & Corticopontine tracts.

51
Q

What is the name of the Posterior Midbrain?

A

Tectum.

52
Q

What are Superior Elevations in the Midbrain?

A

These are nuclei known as “Superior Colliculi”.

They serve as Reflex Centres fro certain visual activations.

53
Q

What are 2 Inferior Elevations in the Midbrain?

A

These are named the Inferior Colliculi, They are apart of the Auditory pathway.

54
Q

How does the Auditory Pathway in the Midbrain function?

A

They relay nn impulses from receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain.
These are also reflex centres for the Startle Reflex. (Sudden Movements)

55
Q

What types of Nuclei does the Auditory Pathway contain?

A

Contains several other nuclei Such as L & R Substantia Nigra.

56
Q

Neurons that release dopamine, Extending from the Substantia Nigra help control what?

A

They help control Subconscious mm activities.

Loss of these Neurons is associated with Parkinson’s.

57
Q

Where is the Reticular Formation located?

A

Extending from the Superior part of the SC throughout the Brainstem and into the inferior part of the Diencephalon.

58
Q

What do Neurons within the Reticular Formation contain?

A

The have motor and Sensory functions.

59
Q

What is the Acceding portion of the Reticular Formation called?

A

This is called “Reticular Activating System” (RAS).

Which consist of Sensory Axons that project to the Cerebral Cortex.

60
Q

When is the RAS active?

A

Active during arousal or awakening from sleep.

Also helps maintain attention and Alertness.

61
Q

How does the RAS prevent Sensory overload?

A

It does this by filtering out insignificant info so that It does not reach consciousness.

62
Q

What does damage to the RAS result in?

A

A Coma.

63
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located?

A

Occupies the Inferior aspects of the Cranial Cavity.

64
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located?

A

Occupies the Inferior aspects of the Cranial Cavity.

65
Q

What are the Lateral Lobes of the Cerebellum named?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres.

66
Q

What parts of the Cerebellum govern the Subconscious aspects of Skeletal mm movements?

A

The Anterior and Posterior Lobe govern this.

67
Q

What Lobe of the Cerebellum contributes to Balance & Equilibrium?

A

The Floccundodular Lobe.

68
Q

What is the Superficial Portion of the Cerebellum called?

A

The Superficial layer is called Cerebral Cortex.

69
Q

What is the Primary function of the Cerebellum?

A

The Primary Function is to Evaluate how well movements caused by the Motor areas in the Cerebrum are actually being carried out.

70
Q

When motor functions are not being carried out properly what part of the cerebrum detects this?

A

The Cerebellum.
It sends signals to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
The signals help correct / smooth movement of skeletal mm.

71
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located?

A

Located just Superior to the Midbrain.

72
Q

What does the Diencephalon include?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus & Epithalamus.

73
Q

What almost completely surrounds the Diencephalon?

A

The Cerebral Hemispheres and contain nuclei involved in a wide variety of sensory and motor processing.

74
Q

What is the Thalamus a major relay centre for?

A

For most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the SC & Brainstem.

75
Q

What makes up 80% of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus.

76
Q

How does the Thalamus contribute to Motor function?

A

It does this by Transmitting info from the Cerebellum and Basal Nuclei to the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex.

77
Q

What does the Hypothalamus Control?

A

Many body activities and is one of the major regulators of Homeostasis.

78
Q

What are important functions of the Hypothalamus?

A

Control of the ANS
Production of Hormones
Regulation of Emotional and Behaviour patterns
Control of body temp
Regulation of drinking and eating
Regulation of circadian rhythm and States of consciousness

79
Q

What does the Epithalamus consist of?

A 
Pineal gland (Part of the Endocrine System) 
It secretes the hormone Melatonin.

Habenular Nuclei (involved in Olfaction, especially emotional response to smells).

80
Q

What does the Cerebrum provide for the body?

A

The to read, Write and Speak, to make calculations and music.
To remember the past, to think of the future.

81
Q

What is the most prominent Fissure that separates the Cerebrum into R & L halves?

A

This Fissure is called Longitudinal Fissure creating Cerebral Hemipheres.

82
Q

What are the Lobes of the Cerebrum?

A

The lobes are named after the bones that cover them:

Parietal, Temporal & Occipital lobes.

83
Q

Cerebral White matter consist of what “Tracts”?

A
  1. Association Tracts
  2. Commissural Tracts
  3. Projection Tracts
84
Q

What does the Association Tracts of the Cerebral White matter consist of?

A

It contains Axons that conduct impulses between Gyri in the same Hemisphere.

85
Q

What does the Commissural Tracts of the White matter consist of?

A

It contains Axons that conduct nn impulses from Gyri in cerebral hemisphere to corresponding Gyri of the other cerebral hemisphere.

86
Q

What does the Projection tracts of the White matter consist of?

A

Contains Axons that conduct nn impulses from Gyri in cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS.
Or from lower parts of the CNS to the Cerebrum.

87
Q

What are Basal Nuclei?

A

They receive input from the Cerebral Cortex and provide output to motor parts of the cortex.

88
Q

What is a major function of the Basal Nuclei?

A

It is used to help regulate initiation and termination of movements.
Also controls Subconscious contractions of Skeletal mm.

Neurology (10 decks)

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